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NCERT Solutions for Class 11th: Ch 4 Executive Political Science

Exercises

Page No: 97

1. A parliamentary executive means:

a. Executive where there is a parliament

b. Executive elected by the parliament

c. Where the parliament functions as the Executive

d. Executive that is dependent on support of the majority in the parliament

► d. Executive that is dependent on support of the majority in the parliament

2. Read this dialogue. Which argument do you agree with? Why?

Amit: Looking at the constitutional provisions, it seems that the President is only a rubber stamp.

Shama: The President appoints the Prime Minister. So, he must have the powers to remove the Prime Minister as well.

Rajesh: We don’t need a President. After the election, the Parliament can meet and elect a leader to be the Prime Minister.

Answer

I agree with argument given by Amit that the President is only a rubber stamp because according to constitutional provision there is no real power which is in the hands of the president. Despite having certain discretionary powers

3. Match the following:

i. Works within the particular State in which recruited	a. Indian Foreign Services
ii. Works in any central government office located either at the national capital or elsewhere in the country	b. State Civil Services
iii. Works in a particular State to which allotted; can also be sent on deputation to the centre	c. All India Services
iv.Works in Indian missions abroad	d. Central Services

Answer

i. Works within the particular State in which recruited	b. State Civil Services
ii. Works in any central government office located either at the national capital or elsewhere in the country	c. All India Services
iii. Works in a particular State to which allotted; can also be sent on deputation to the centre	d. Central Services
iv.Works in Indian missions abroad	a. Indian Foreign Services

4. Identify the ministry which may have released the following news items. Would this be a ministry of the central government or the State government? Why?
a. An official release said that in 2004-05 the Tamil Nadu Textbooks Corporation would release new versions for standards VII, X and XI.
b. A new railway loop line bypassing the crowded Tiruvallur-Chennai section to help iron ore exporters. The new line, likely to be about 80 km long, will branch off at Puttur and then reach Athipattu near the port.
c. The three-member sub-divisional committee formed to verify suicide by farmers in Ramayampet mandal has found that the two farmers who committed suicide this month have had economic problems due to failure of crops.

Answer

a. Ministry of Human Resource Development, State government may have released because textbooks are published for a particular state.

b. Railway Ministry, Central government because railway is managed by the central government.

c. Ministry of Agriculture, State Government because sub-divisional is supervised by the agricultural department of the state government.

5. While appointing the Prime Minister, the President selects
a. Leader of the largest party in the Lok Sabha
b. Leader of the largest party in the alliance which secures a majority in the Lok Sabha
c. The leader of the largest party in the Rajya Sabha
d. Leader of the alliance or party that has the support of the majority in Lok Sabha

► d. Leader of the alliance or party that has the support of the majority in Lok Sabha

6. Read this discussion and say which of these statements applies most to India.

Alok: Prime Minister is like a king, he decides everything in our country.

Shekhar: Prime Minister is only ‘first among equals’, he does not have any special powers. All ministers and the PM have similar powers.

Bobby: Prime Minister has to consider the expectations of the party members and other supporters of the government. But after all, the Prime Minister has a greater say in policy making and in choosing the ministers.

Answer

The statement of Bobby applies most to India. Prime Minister has to consider the expectations of the party members and other supporters of the government. But after all, the Prime Minister has a greater say in policy making and in choosing the ministers.

7. Why do you think is the advice of the Council of Ministers binding on the President? Give your answer in not more than 100 words.

Answer

As the Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary system of government, the Council of Ministers headed by the prime minister is the real executive authority. The President exercises his powers only on the advice of the Council of Ministers. According to Article 74, there shall be a council of ministers with Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice.
Consequently, the President has been made only a nominal executive; his place in administration is that of a ceremonial device or a seal by which the nation’s decision are made known.

8. The parliamentary system of executive vests many powers in the legislature for controlling the executive. Why, do you think, is it so necessary to control the executive?

Answer

There are two systems of democracy exist in the world. One is the parliamentary system and the other is presidential system.
In presidential system, there is clear separation of powers between legislature and executive. Executive is not accountable to legislature. Legislature can't exercise its control over executive. But in the parliamentary system executive is a part of the legislature. They are accountable to the legislature. The legislature exercises its control over executive by different instruments like adjournment motion, no confidence motion etc.
The Parliament keeps a day-to-day watch over the activities of the Executive. As ours is a parliamentary system of Government, the Executive is responsible to the Parliament for all acts of omissions and commissions.
In a parliamentary form of government, the legislature and executive aren’t really separated. In a nominal sense, the legislature is in control, in that the executive must report to the legislature and is entitled to rule by virtue of having the confidence of a majority in the legislature. But this nominal control doesn’t describe the realities of power.
When a single party holds a majority in the legislature, this entitles it to complete control of the executive. That party then has control of both branches. But the party leadership will also take the leading roles in the executive, so as far as the two branches are concerned, the reality is that the executive controls the legislature, and when no single party holds a majority, the legislature is in a more powerful position, and the executive will depend for its continuation on trade-offs between parties in the legislature.

9. It is said that there is too much political interference in the working of the administrative machinery. It is suggested that there should be more and more autonomous agencies which do not have to answer to the ministers.
a. Do you think this will make administration more people- friendly?
b. Do you think this will make administration more efficient?
c. Does democracy mean full control of elected representatives over the administration?
Answer

a. No, i don’t think so it’ll make administration more people friendly because in a democracy, the elected representatives and the ministers are in charge of government and the administration is under their control and supervision. Hence forth, the elected representatives and the ministers are the representative of the people and the administration is under their control and regulation, hence they cannot act in violation of the policies adopted by the legislature. It is the responsibility of the ministers to retain political control over the administration. India has established professional administrative.

b. This will not make administration more efficient as it would lead to defiance of bureaucratic executives with government policies. Thus, it would lead to contradiction of the bureaucracy with the goals of the government. Competence in this situation is not valid as social welfare would be compromised. So, it not sounds like that it’ll make administration more efficient at all.

c. Simply put; in a democracy, there is no sonorous control of the elected representatives over administration. The main work of these elected representatives is to make laws, apply them and keep the administration libel. Simply, it is the responsibility of the administrative machinery to faithfully and efficiently participate in drafting the policy and in its implementation.

10. Write an essay of two hundred words on the proposal to have an elected administration instead of an appointed administration.

Answer

Elected administration is a very reliable type of administration. The elected administration would change the policies. And there would be unstability to implement different policies. The appointed administration is non-partial. The civil servants are selected impartially on the basis of merit. Thus, the welfare policies of the government can be effectively handled. Policies would be implemented without any political interference. The elected administration would have lack of technical knowledge of their departments while members of administration have full knowledge of their departments. Hence, they are more successful to implement the policies effectively and efficiently. They will be able to implement and perform the developmental functions. They will be also able to perform the functions of planning and social welfare.
A major difference is that appointed administrations are not permanent and can be removed but in the elected administration it is permanent, and they must fail to be re-elected at the next election. In some areas there is a procedure called a recall election, where the voters have lost confidence in an official and vote to remove him. They then elect someone else. However, this remedy is not always available.
In either case, an elected administration can resign or retire at his own request or if he has committed a crime he can be removed.

Notes of Chapter 4 Executive

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Summary of Chapter 4 A Question of Trust (Quick Revision Notes) Footprints without Feet Class 10th

Summary of the Chapter

Horace Danby had a good reputation in the society. He was about fifty and unmarried. He made locks and had two helpers. He loved rare and expensive books. Horace robbed a safe every year. He was now out on committing a robbery.

For two weeks Horace had studied the house of Shotover Grange. He had to burgle this house. Horace Danby entered the house. Horace had allergy from flower; he started sneezing. Then he heard a voice. The voice told him that he could cure the sneeze. It was the voice of a woman. She stood in the doorway. She was young and pretty. His first thought was to run. The lady told him that she would telephone the police. She would tell them about him. Horace Danby told him to let him go and forget she ever saw him. The lady put one condition for letting Horace go.

She told him that she had promised her husband to take her jewel to the bank. She had, however, left jewels in the safe. She told him that she wanted to wear the jewels in a party that night. She came down to get them. But she had forgotten the numbers to open the safe. So she needed his help and Horace opened the safe for her.

After two days a policeman had arrested him for the jewel robbery at Shotover Grange. Danby’s fingerprint were found all over the room. He had opened the safe without gloves. He said to the police that the landlady of the house said him to open the safe. But the lady was 60 years old woman. She said Danby's story is a nonsense.

Horace is now in prison. He often thinks of the charming and clever young lady. She was in the same profession. She had simply tricked him. Danby gets angry when anyone talks about “honour among thieves”.

Quick Revision Notes

• Horace Danby, who ran a business of making locks, had a good reputation in society. But he was not totally honest.

• His hobby was collecting rare and expensive books. Horace robbed one safe every year to finance his costly hobby.

• Horace had been studying the country house at Shotover Grange, whose owner normally lived in London, as he wanted to burgle the jewellery, worth about 15000 pounds, lying in the safe in this house.

• Horace entered the house when the servants were away. But Horace started sneezing because he had an allergy to flowers called hay fever.

• Suddenly he heard a young lady's voice saying that she could cure him. He then saw her appear in the doorway.

• His first thought was to run, as the lady told him that she would telephone the police. Horace told her to let him go and forget she ever saw him.

• The lady agreed on one condition - he should open the safe for her, as she had to wear the jewels in the safe for a party the same night, but she had forgotten the combination to open the safe.

• So, Horace opened the safe for her and handed her the jewels to get his freedom.

• After two days Horace was arrested for the jewel robbery at Shotover Grange. Horace's fingerprints were found, as he had opened the safe without using his gloves.

• When he told the police that the lady of the house had asked him to open the safe, he was surprised to learn that the actual lady was a 60-year old woman. Horace then realised that the young woman was also a jewel thief who had used his skill to steal the jewels.

• Horace is now in prison. He understands now that the charming and clever young lady had simply tricked him.

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Summary of Chapter 5 Footprints without Feet (Quick Revision Notes) Footprints without Feet Class 10th

Summary of the Chapter

Griffin, an eccentric scientist discovered a rare drug. This could make a naked man invisible. He was not liked by his landlord. He decided to take revenge on him. One day he set his landlord's house on fire. Then he drank his rare drug and put off his clothes. Now, he could see everyone but none could see him. He was safe from being caught. But he was without clothes and it was very cold. He passed the night in a London store. He stole goods and money from the store. Then he went to a village called Iping. He stayed at an inn. He stole money from clergy man's desk. A policeman named Jaffers was called. A strange fight took place. Griffin took off his bandages, his glasses and his hat. Now, he looked helpless. People were horrified. Griffin hit the policeman. He got free and ran away.

Quick Revision Notes

• Two boys on a London street were surprised to see fresh muddy footprints of bare feet without finding who was making them.

• These footprints had been made by Griffin, an eccentric scientist who had discovered how to make his body transparent.

• To get away after he had burnt his landlord's house down, he had to remove his clothes so that he became invisible.

• Griffin entered unseen into a big store to get warm. When the store closed at night, he put on new clothes, consumed meat and coffee from the restaurant and went to sleep on a pile of quilts.

• He overslept and was seen by the shop assistants in the morning. He again took off his clothes to escape them

• Then he entered a theatrical company, and wore bandages on his face, dark glasses, a false nose and bushy side-whiskers. He robbed the shopkeeper of his money and escaped to Iping village by train to avoid being caught.

• He rented two rooms at an inn in the village. He explained to Mrs Hall, its owner, that he had an accident and did not want to be disturbed. Soon his money finished and so he robbed a clergyman's house by using his invisibility.

• That same day, when Mrs. Hall entered his room, she and her husband were 'attacked by the furniture. This made Mrs. Hall think that it was haunted by spirits. 9. When the clergyman reported the burglary to the police, Griffin was suspected of having a hand in it. So, the village constable, Jaffers came to arrest him on suspicion.

• Meanwhile, Mrs. Hall asked Griffin to explain all the unusual happenings. Griffin lost his temper and took off all his clothes (thus becoming invisible), knocked Jaffers unconscious and ran away.

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Summary of Chapter 6 The Making of a Scientist (Quick Revision Notes) Footprints without Feet Class 10th

Summary of the Chapter

Richard H. Ebright published theory of how cells work in an article in the proceedings of the National Academy of Science at the age of twenty two.

Richard H. Ebright grew up in reading in Pennsylvania. There he was not able to do anything. He was not able to play football or baseball too. But he said that there he could do one thing – collect things. So he collected things.

In Kindergarten, Ebright collected butterflies. He also collected rocks, fossils, and coins. He would observe sky at night too. He would live with his mother, who encouraged his interest in learning. She would take him on trips, bought him telescope, microscope, cameras, mounting materials, and other materials required for learning. He lost his father when he was in third grade. Her mother would call him Richie. Her mother would discuss with him every night and give him mental exercise instead of physical exercise which he wanted to learn.
By the time he was in the second grade, Ebright had collected all twenty five species of butterflies found around his hometown.

Richard said that this would have been end of his butterfly collection. But her mother gave him a children’s book called “The Travels of Monarch X”. That book, which told how monarch butterflies migrate to Central America, opened the world of science to Richard.
At the end of book readers were invited to help study butterfly migration. They were asked to tag butterflies for research by Dr. Frederick A. Urquhart of the University of Toronto, Canada. Anyone who found a tagged butterfly was asked to send the tag to Dr. Urquhart.
If you tried to catch them one by one, you won’t catch very much. So Richard rose a flock of butterflies. He would catch a female monarch, take her eggs, and raise them in his basement through their life cycle, from egg to caterpillar to pupa to adult butterfly. Then he would tag the butterflies’ wings and let them go. For several years his basement was home to thousands of monarchs in different stages of development.

In got a hint of what a real science is when he entered a county science fair, and lost. He said that, it was a sad feeling to sit there and not get anything while everybody else had won something,” Ebright said. His entry was slides of frog tissues, which he showed under a microscope. He realized that winners had tried to do real experiments. And he decided that for the next year, he has to do something extraordinary than others. So he asked to Dr. Urquhart for suggestions and back came a stack of suggestions.

For his eighth grade project, Ebright tried to find the cause of a viral disease that kills nearly all monarch caterpillars every few years. Ebright thought the disease might be carried by a beetle. So he rose caterpillars in the presence of beetles. But he didn’t get any real result. But he went ahead and showed that he had tried the experiment.

The next year his science fair project was testing the theory that viceroy butterflies copy monarchs. The theory was that viceroys look like monarchs because monarchs don’t taste good to birds. Viceroys, on the other hand, do taste good to birds. So the more they look like monarchs, the less likely they are to become a bird’s dinner. Ebright’s project was to see whether, in fact, birds would eat monarchs. He found that a starling would not eat ordinary bird food. It would eat all the monarchs it could get. (Ebright said later research by other people showed that viceroys probably do Copy the monarch.) This project was placed first in the zoology division and third overall in the county science fair.

In his second year in high school, Richard Ebright began the research that led to his discovery of an unknown insect hormone. lndirectly, it also led to his new theory on the life of cells. The question he tried to answer was simple: What is the purpose of the twelve tiny gold spots on a monarch pupa? “Everyone assumed the spots were just ornamental,” Ebright said. “But Dr. Urquhart didn’t believe it.” To find the answer, Ebright and another excellent science student first had to build a device that showed that the spots were producing a hormone necessary for the butterfly’s full development.

This project won Ebright first place in the county fair and entry into the International Science and Engineering Fair. There he won third place for zoology. He also got a chance to work during the summer at the entomology laboratory of The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. As a high school junior, Richard Ebright continued his advanced experiments on the monarch pupa. That year his project won first place at the International Science Fair and gave him another chance to work in the army laboratory during the summer.

Quick Revision Notes

• Richard's article on how cells work published in a science journal at the age of twenty-two.

• Richard was a single child and didn't have friends to play with. So, he became interested in collecting butterflies and various other items

• His mother bought him all the equipment he needed. She guided him and helped him to learn.

• He read a book "The Travels to Monarch X' which created a love for science in him.

• He raised thousands of monarch butterflies at home over a few years. He tagged them as they grew and freed them to study their migration.

• Richard put up a slide of frogs at the County science fair but did not win any award.

• His defeat inspired him to experiment. He took help from Dr. Urquhart to work on various projects.

• He won many awards at the County and International science fairs in subsequent years.

• His work on viceroy butterflies got him the first position award in a fair.

• Richard discovered a hormone necessary for the growth of, monarch butterfly

• He worked at the Army laboratory and the US Department of Agriculture laboratory.

• Richard spent a year at Harvard as a freshman before going back to the laboratory to discover the chemical structure of the hormone responsible for the gold spots on the monarch pupa.

• His findings motivated him to study cells and how they read their DNA.

• His theory may help to prevent many kinds of cancers and other diseases.

• He graduated from Harvard with second position among 1510 students.

• His other interests include debating, public speaking and photography.'

• Richard's social studies teacher praises him for his excellent mind, curiosity and a will to win – the essential qualities of a scientist.

NCERT Solutions of The Making of a Scientist

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11th: Ch 8 Secularism Political Science Political Theory

Exercises

Page No: 127

1. Which of the following do you feel are compatible with the idea of secularism? Give reasons.
(a) Absence of domination of one religious group by another.
(b) Recognition of a state religion.
(c) Equal state support to all religions.
(d) Mandatory prayers in schools.
(e) Allowing separate educational institutions for any minority community.
(f) Appointment of temple management bodies by the government.
(g) Intervention of state to ensure entry of Dalits in temples.

Answer

(a) Compatible
Secularism opposes all forms of inter-religious domination.

(b) Not Compatible
Secular state has no official religion.

(c) Compatible
In Secularism, all regions are treated similar.

(d) No Compatible
Making religious activity compulsory is not accepted in secular state.

(e) Compatible
Minority community should be given right to to maintain its cultural identity.

(f) Not Compatible
Government should not interfere or involve in any kind of religious activity.

(g) Compatible
Government should prevent discrimination and provides equal rights to every social group.

2. Some of the key characteristics of western and Indian model of secularism have got mixed up. Separate them and make a new table.

Western Secularism	Indian Secularism
Strict non-interference of religion and state in each other’s affairs.	State supported religious reforms allowed.
Equality between different religious groups is a key concern.	Equality between different sects of a religion is emphasised
Attention to minority rights	Less attention to community based rights
Individual and his rights at the centre	Rights of both individual and religious community protected.

Answer

Western Secularism	Indian Secularism
State supported religious reforms allowed.	Strict non-interference of religion and state in each other’s affairs.
Equality between different religious groups is a key concern.	Equality between different religious groups is a key concern.
Less attention to community based rights.	Attention to minority rights
Individual and his rights at the centre.	Rights of both individual and religious community protected.

3. What do you understand by secularism? Can it be equated with religious tolerance?

Answer

Secularism opposes all such forms of inter-religious domination. Secularism cannot be equated with religious tolerance as tolerance may be compatible with religious domination by one group. It promotes freedom within religions, and equality between, as well as within, religions.

4. Do you agree with the following statements? Give reasons for supporting or opposing any of them.
(a) Secularism does not allow us to have a religious identity.
(b) Secularism is against inequality within a religious group or between different religious groups.
(c) Secularism has a western-Christian origin. It is not suitable for India.

Answer

(a) Secularism allow us to have a religious identity. In India, people enjoy freedom of religion.A citizen can have a religious identity and can practice, preserve and develop their religion and religious institutions.

(b) The Indian government tries to maintain equality within religious groups to prevent discrimination and eradicate practices that are derogatory to human dignity.

(c) India has diverse culture, ethnicity and religion. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure equal treatment to all groups both within and between different religions to maintain harmony and integrate the country.

5. Indian secularism focuses on more than the religion-state separation. Explain.

Answer

Indian secularism does not only focus on the religion-state separation but it is also concerned with peace, religious freedom, freedom from religiously grounded oppression, discrimination and exclusion, as also inter-religious and intra-religious equality. To promote these ends the state must be separated from organised religion and its institutions for the sake of some of these values. Indian secularism allows every religion to flourish and develop. The Indian state allows the promotion of all religions and treats each of them equally. The state does not interfere in religious matters but it checks the influence of religion in public life.

6. Explain the concept of principled distance.

Answer

Principle distance means a secular state should not interfere in any religion actively to promote peace between communities and it may also intervene to protect the rights of specific communities. The state gives equal preference to every religion and respects them all equally.However, the state may interfere if religious groups try to exercise their power on the political and social life of the people. This balanced distance of state from any religion is the concept of principled distance.

Notes of Ch 7 Nationalism

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Summary of Chapter 7 The Necklace (Quick Revision Notes) Footprints without Feet Class 10th

Summary of the Chapter

Richard H. Ebright published theory of how cells work in an article in the proceedings of the National Academy of Science at the age of twenty two.

Richard H. Ebright grew up in reading in Pennsylvania. There he was not able to do anything. He was not able to play football or baseball too. But he said that there he could do one thing – collect things. So he collected things.

In Kindergarten, Ebright collected butterflies. He also collected rocks, fossils, and coins. He would observe sky at night too. He would live with his mother, who encouraged his interest in learning. She would take him on trips, bought him telescope, microscope, cameras, mounting materials, and other materials required for learning. He lost his father when he was in third grade. Her mother would call him Richie. Her mother would discuss with him every night and give him mental exercise instead of physical exercise which he wanted to learn.
By the time he was in the second grade, Ebright had collected all twenty five species of butterflies found around his hometown.

Richard said that this would have been end of his butterfly collection. But her mother gave him a children’s book called “The Travels of Monarch X”. That book, which told how monarch butterflies migrate to Central America, opened the world of science to Richard.
At the end of book readers were invited to help study butterfly migration. They were asked to tag butterflies for research by Dr. Frederick A. Urquhart of the University of Toronto, Canada. Anyone who found a tagged butterfly was asked to send the tag to Dr. Urquhart.
If you tried to catch them one by one, you won’t catch very much. So Richard rose a flock of butterflies. He would catch a female monarch, take her eggs, and raise them in his basement through their life cycle, from egg to caterpillar to pupa to adult butterfly. Then he would tag the butterflies’ wings and let them go. For several years his basement was home to thousands of monarchs in different stages of development.

In got a hint of what a real science is when he entered a county science fair, and lost. He said that, it was a sad feeling to sit there and not get anything while everybody else had won something,” Ebright said. His entry was slides of frog tissues, which he showed under a microscope. He realized that winners had tried to do real experiments. And he decided that for the next year, he has to do something extraordinary than others. So he asked to Dr. Urquhart for suggestions and back came a stack of suggestions.

For his eighth grade project, Ebright tried to find the cause of a viral disease that kills nearly all monarch caterpillars every few years. Ebright thought the disease might be carried by a beetle. So he rose caterpillars in the presence of beetles. But he didn’t get any real result. But he went ahead and showed that he had tried the experiment.

The next year his science fair project was testing the theory that viceroy butterflies copy monarchs. The theory was that viceroys look like monarchs because monarchs don’t taste good to birds. Viceroys, on the other hand, do taste good to birds. So the more they look like monarchs, the less likely they are to become a bird’s dinner. Ebright’s project was to see whether, in fact, birds would eat monarchs. He found that a starling would not eat ordinary bird food. It would eat all the monarchs it could get. (Ebright said later research by other people showed that viceroys probably do Copy the monarch.) This project was placed first in the zoology division and third overall in the county science fair.

In his second year in high school, Richard Ebright began the research that led to his discovery of an unknown insect hormone. lndirectly, it also led to his new theory on the life of cells. The question he tried to answer was simple: What is the purpose of the twelve tiny gold spots on a monarch pupa? “Everyone assumed the spots were just ornamental,” Ebright said. “But Dr. Urquhart didn’t believe it.” To find the answer, Ebright and another excellent science student first had to build a device that showed that the spots were producing a hormone necessary for the butterfly’s full development.

This project won Ebright first place in the county fair and entry into the International Science and Engineering Fair. There he won third place for zoology. He also got a chance to work during the summer at the entomology laboratory of The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. As a high school junior, Richard Ebright continued his advanced experiments on the monarch pupa. That year his project won first place at the International Science Fair and gave him another chance to work in the army laboratory during the summer.

Quick Revision Notes

• Richard's article on how cells work published in a science journal at the age of twenty-two.

• Richard was a single child and didn't have friends to play with. So, he became interested in collecting butterflies and various other items

• His mother bought him all the equipment he needed. She guided him and helped him to learn.

• He read a book "The Travels to Monarch X' which created a love for science in him.

• He raised thousands of monarch butterflies at home over a few years. He tagged them as they grew and freed them to study their migration.

• Richard put up a slide of frogs at the County science fair but did not win any award.

• His defeat inspired him to experiment. He took help from Dr. Urquhart to work on various projects.

• He won many awards at the County and International science fairs in subsequent years.

• His work on viceroy butterflies got him the first position award in a fair.

• Richard discovered a hormone necessary for the growth of, monarch butterfly

• He worked at the Army laboratory and the US Department of Agriculture laboratory.

• Richard spent a year at Harvard as a freshman before going back to the laboratory to discover the chemical structure of the hormone responsible for the gold spots on the monarch pupa.

• His findings motivated him to study cells and how they read their DNA.

• His theory may help to prevent many kinds of cancers and other diseases.

• He graduated from Harvard with second position among 1510 students.

• His other interests include debating, public speaking and photography.'

• Richard's social studies teacher praises him for his excellent mind, curiosity and a will to win – the essential qualities of a scientist.

NCERT Solutions of The Necklace

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Summary of Chapter 8 The Hack Driver (Quick Revision Notes) Footprints without Feet Class 10th

Summary of the Chapter

In this lesson, a young lawyer is made to serve summons instead of practicing law. He hates his job as sometimes he is beaten up. Once he is directed by `the law firm to serve summons to one Mr. Oliver Lutkins, who lived in a village called New Mullion. The young laywer goes to the village with some expectations of village life but he is disappointed. He meets a hack driver who is a very helpful man according to him.

Quick Revision Notes

• The narrator completed his graduation in law and joined a big firm as a junior assistant clerk.

• He was given the dirty and dangerous job of serving summons.

• He gets an opportunity to go to a village to serve summons.

• A helpful hack driver at the station offers to take him in his cart and find Lutkins.

• The driver takes him to all the places where Lutkins could be found but fails to locate him.

• He shows him the village and describes the country life.

• They do not find Lutkins but the lawyer is very happy to find such a friendly and helpful man.

• They visit Lutkin's home and meet his mother who frightens them away.

• The Lawyer ends up paying for six hours to the hack driver.

• He returns to the city. His chief is angry at his failure to find Lutkins.

• The chief sends the lawyer back the next day with a man who knows Lutkins.

• The lawyer shows him the helpful hack driver.

• His companion tells him that the hack driver was Oliver Lutkins.

• The lawyer feels embarrassed and unhappy when he serves summons to a laughing Oliver Lutkins.

NCERT Solutions of The Hack Driver

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Summary of Chapter 9 Bholi (Quick Revision Notes) Footprints without Feet Class 10th

Summary of the Chapter

This story is all about a simple village girl named Bholi. Her real name was Sulekha. But fate deceived her and when she was ten months old, she felt off the cot damaging some part of her brain. As a result, she could pick up speech only after she was five years old, but she stammered. Later on, when she was two – years old, she had an attack of small pox that left her with blank spots all over the body. The other children often made fun of her and mimicked her. Therefore, she talked very little.

Ramlal had seven children in all – three sons and four daughters. Bholi was the youngest. All other were healthy and strong except Bholi. Bholi was seven years old when a primary school opened in their village. The Tehsildar came to perform the opening ceremony of the school. He told Ramlal that as a revenue official and as a representative of the government in the village, he should send his daughter to the school and set an example before the villagers. When he consulted his wife about the issue, his wife did not agree with him. Yet she decided to send Bholi to the school.

The next day, Bholi was given a bath, and a new dress to wear. Her mother mated his hair and then she was sent to the school. When her father left her in the school, she set in a corner in the class. When her teacher asked her name, she stammered and the children started laughing. At this Bholi started weeping. But the teacher’s voice was soft and soothing. It encouraged her a lot and finally she could tell her full name. Then the teacher told her that if she would come daily to school, she would speak without a stammer and one day she would become the most educated girl in the village. Then no one will dare to laugh at her. Then they will listen her carefully.

Years passed and the village now turned into a small town. One night Ramlal consulted his wife about the proposal made by Bishamber, a grocer in the neighbouring village. His wife readily agreed to it. Bholi was also listening this conversational. The day of her marriage came. When the bridegroom was about to garland her, some lady pulled her veil down showing her face to him. The bridegroom had a quick glance at her face and noticed pox marks on her face. At this, He asked Ramlal to give him five thousand rupees as dowry in order to marry that ugly girl. After some arguments, Ramlal handed over the money to Bishambar. But Bholi asked his father to take money back from him as she did not want to marry that old lame and greedy person. Everybody was surprised because Bholi was not stammering at all. The bridegroom went back with his baraat. Ramlal could not lift his head due to shame and grief. He asked Bholi as who will marry her now. But Bholi said to him that she would serve his parents in their old age and teach in the same school where she had learnt so much.

Quick Revision Notes

• Bholi, the fourth daughter of Numberdar Ramlal in a village, was a simple and pock-marked girl. Her real name was Sulekha.

• At ten months she fell off her cot, damaging her brain and making her a simpleton.

• At two years she was a victim of small pox, which left her pock-marked.

• She learnt to talk at five years, but used to stammer.

• When a primary school was opened in the village, the Tehsildar told Ramlal to send his daughters to school.

• Though Ramlal's wife felt that sending daughters to school affected their chances of marriage, Bholi's parents decided to send Bholi to school because they felt she would be difficult to get married anyway as she is ugly.

• Bholi was initially afraid of going to school, but due to the encouragement of her teacher, she continued her studies. 8. After a few years the village became a small town and Bholi received an offer of marriage from a widower who was lame but rich. He also did not ask for any dowry.

• At the time of the wedding, the bridegroom saw Bholi's pock-marked face and demanded? 5000 as dowry, which Ramlal gave.

• Bholi refused to marry the greedy widower. She later on said that she will take care of her parents and teach in the same school where she got her education.

NCERT Solutions of Bholi

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Summary of Chapter 10 The Book that Saved the Earth (Quick Revision Notes) Footprints without Feet Class 10th

Summary of the Chapter

The play ‘The Book That Saved The Earth’ is full of imagination. In it, the different character like Think-Tank, Noodle, Oop, Omega etc. play as the Martian living beings, the time set of the play is 25th century. The play tell us in detail as how the book successfully saved the earth from Martian invasion . Think-Tank who is the mightiest and the most brilliant among all the Martians is the commander–in–chief. Think-Tank conducts the manned space probe in order to ask them their position. At this Think-Tank ask them to show him the place closely. In fact, they were in a library full of different books. But they fail to understand where they were. Then Think-Tank tries to show his intelligence and tells his crew that the thing in question was a sandwich. Then one of the crew members even eats the corner of a book to confirm the views of Think-Tank. After some time Noodle suggests Think-Tank that it was not for eating but for communication with ears. After some time Noodle again suggests Think-Tank that it was not for ear communication but for eye communication.

Then they opened the books and try to read them. But they failed to understand the language. The Omega opens a big volume of ‘Mother Goose’ and ties to read it Noodle ask Think-Tank if the chemical department has given them the vitamins to increase intelligence and then read the sandwiches. As Oop starts reading the book of nursery rhymes to Think-Tank he feels trouble. He leaves the idea of invading. Instead, he tries to save himself from the invasion of the earthlings. He orders his crew to leave the earth at once and he himself runs to safety.

Quick Revision Notes

• The Historian welcomes visitors to the Museum of Ancient History in the twenty-fifth century.

• She informs them how a book saved the Earth from a Martian invasion in 2040.

• In 2040, the ruler of Mars orders the invasion of Earth.

• Think-Tank, the ruler, sends a probe to Earth.

• The probe team reaches a library but are puzzled to see books. They make guesses. One of them calls them hats.

• Think Tank very proudly calls them sandwiches and orders his crew to eat them.

• The trainee under Think Tank, Noodle, points out that they may be used for communication.

• Think Tank orders them to listen to the communication devices (books).

• When they can't hear anything, Noodle says that Earthlings watch them.

• Think-Tank asks his crew to watch them. But they cannot understand the pictures or the lines of writing.

• They are ordered to eat vitamins that were given to them and decode the lines of writing.

• After consuming vitamins, the crew is able to read nursery rhymes and words like 'shell, silver, dog laughing, cow-jumped over the moon' etc.

• Think Tank assumes that earthlings were a very advanced civilisation.

• Think-Tank is further terrified when he sees the picture of Humpty Dumpty. He assumes that earthlings were planning to capture him by invading Mars.

• He orders the Martian fleet to evacuate Mars and he decides to flee to the stars Alpha Centauri to escape from earthlings.

• In the twenty fifth century, the Historian says that people of Earth and Martians are friends. Earthlings have established a library in the Martian capital of Marsopolis.

NCERT Solutions of The Book that Saved the Earth

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 for Math, Science, English, Hindi and Social Science

NCERT Solutions are very essential if you want to pass the examination with the good marks. Class 10th is one of the most important phase in every student's life. You need to provide marksheet of this Class in every entrance and competitive exams as well as when joining a job. It makes good impression if you score good marks in Class 10th. If you prepare NCERT Solutions for Class 10 well, it will give you edge over your competitors. The questions provided in the textbook asked mostly covers whole concepts of the chapter thus it will be also helpful revising the chapters. Here, we have provided the NCERT Solutions of all subjects of Class 10 which you can easily check by clicking on the subject's name.

Class 10th Board is probably the first national-level exam that you're facing thus you need to prepare for this exam well which boost your morale. More than 1.5 million students appear for Class 10th Exam year. This exam will give you chance to asses your performance on large platform. CBSE has already introduced grading system and will evaluate students based on the 9 point grading system.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Math

There are fifteen chapters that can be subdivided into seven section, number systems, algebra, coordinate geometry, geometry, trigonometry, mensuration and statistics & probability. In the first part number systems, we will study about Euclid’s division lemma, Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic and Decimal representation of rational numbers. The second section contains chapters polynomials, pair of linear equations in two variables, quadratic equations, arithmetic progressions. In the third section, we will study the graphs of linear equations and distance formula. The fourth section has three chapters, triangles, circles and constructions. In the chapter triangle, we are proving the theorems related to similarity of triangles while in the circles we are proving theorem related to tangent. In the constructions part, we will do division of a line segment in a given ratio, tangents to a circle from a point outside it and doing a construction of a triangle similar to a given triangle. The section trigonometry has three chapters, In the first chapter, we will study trigonometric ratios of an acute angle of a right-angled triangle and will see the relationships between the ratios. The second chapter is about trigonometric ratios of complementary angles while the third part deals with heights and distances where we will talk about Angle of elevation and Angle of Depression. The sixth section is mensuration where we will see areas related to circles and surface areas and volumes. The last section is statistics and probability. In statistics, we will find mean, median and mode of grouped data while in the second chapter we will find the probability of an event.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science

There are sixteen chapters that can be subdivided into five sections, Chemical Substances-Nature and Behaviour, World of Living, Natural Phenomena, Effects of Current and Natural Resources. The first section is part of chemistry, the second and last section is part of biology while other sections form physics part. The first section has five chapters, Chemical reactions in which we will study chemical equation and types of chemical reactions. In the next chapter, acids,bases and salts we will see the general properties, examples and uses, concept of pH scale and preparation and uses of Sodium Hydroxide, Bleaching powder, Baking soda, Washing soda and Plaster of Paris. Metals and nonmetals chapter deals with the properties of metals and non-metals, reactivity series and formation and properties of ionic compounds. In the another chapter, Carbon compounds, we will study Covalent bonding in carbon compounds, Homologous series, Nomenclature of carbon compounds containing functional groups and Chemical properties. The last chapter of this section is Periodic classification of elements in which we will see early attempts at classification of elements, Modern periodic table, gradation in properties, valency, atomic number, metallic and non-metallic properties. The section world of living has four chapters in it. The first chapter Life processes introduces us to basic concept of nutrition, respiration, transport and excretion in plants and animals. In Control and co-ordination in animals and plants, we will learn about tropic movements in plants, plant hormones, Nervous system of animals Voluntary, involuntary and reflex action and animal hormones. The next chapter is about reproduction in animals and plants while Heredity and Evolution talks about laws for inheritance of traits and basic concepts of evolution. In the section Natural phenomena, we will talk about reflection and refraction in which we will talk about images formed by spherical mirrors and lens, centre of curvature, principal axis, principal focus, focal length, mirror formula. The next section is how things work deals with the electric current in which we will study Ohm's law, interrelation between P, V, I and R and magnetic effects of electric current. The last section has three chapters. Sources of Energy talks about conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. Next chapter is our environment in which we study Eco-system, Ozone depletion and Biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances. The last chapter is about Conservation and judicious use of natural

resources and water harvesting.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 English

There are two textbooks first flight and footprints without feet. First flight contains eleven chapters which includes variety of genres, including the diary, the formal address, the travelogue, and the play, on literary, cultural and sociological themes that touch upon aspects of life relevant to adolescents. The chapter also includes texts from contemporary history as Nelson Mandela and Anne Frank, and in fiction from India and abroad. Footprints without book contains variety of themes and there is a good representation of a variety of genres as well as of writers from across the world Indian, British, French, American and Japanese. This supplementary reader has ten pieces including a play and a

factual prose piece, as well as science fiction.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Hindi

Course A: This course has two textbooks, Kshitiz and Kritika. Kshitiz textbook has compositions of seventeen creators, of which eight prose works and nine poems. Poems were kept according to the historical chronology. The textbook includes stories, memoir, autobiographies with thoughtful and sarcastic essays. Five compositions have been compiled in Kartika textbook. The five compositions are specific in its story, craft and presentation.

Course B: This course has also two textbooks, Sparsh and Sanchyan. Sparsh textbook has total seventeen chapters on which nine are poems and eight are prose. The poems has been sequenced on the basis of poet's time. The compositions of Kaifi Azmi and Rabindranath Tagore are kept later. The sequence of prose section is done on the basis of difficulty. There are only three chapters in Sanchyan that are story, autobiography and novel part.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science

The social science subject is divided into four parts, namely, History, Civics, Geography and Economics.

Class 10 Notes

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Revision Notes of Ch 3 Coordinate Geometry Class 9th Math

Topics in the Chapter

Cartesian plane and the terms associated with it
Cartesian system
Coordinate Geometry
Relationship between the signs of the coordinates of a point and the quadrant of the point in which it lies.
Location of the point in the plane when its coordinates are given
Plotting a point in the Cartesian Plane

Cartesian plane and the terms associated with it

Cartesian system

A Cartesian system consists of two perpendicular lines: one of them is horizontal and the other is vertical.

The horizontal line is called the x- axis and the vertical line is called the y -axis. The point of intersection of the two lines is called origin, and is denoted by O.

• XOX' is called the x-axis; YOY' is called the y-axis; the point O is called the origin,

• Positive numbers lie on the directions of OX and OY.

• Negative numbers lie on the directions of OX' and OY'.

• OX and OY are respectively called positive x-axis and positive y-axis.

• OX' and OY are respectively called negative x-axis and negative y-axis.

• The axes divide the plane into four equal pans. The four parts are called quadrants, numbered l, II, Ill and IV, in anticlockwise from positive x-axis, OX,

• The plane is also called co-ordinate plane or Cartesian plane or xy-plane.

Coordinate Geometry

Example:

Name the quadrant or the axis in which the points (5, –4), (2, 7) and (0, –9) lie?

• The coordinates of the point (5, –4) are of the form (+, –). Hence, (5, –4) lie in quadrant IV

• The coordinates of the point (2, 7) are of the form (+, +). (2, 7) lie in quadrant I.

• The coordinates of the point (0, –9) are of the form (0, b). (0, –9) lie on the y-axis

• The coordinates of a point on the coordinate plane can be determined by the following conventions.

• The x-coordinate of a point is its perpendicular distance from the y-axis, measured along the x-axis (positive along the positive x-axis and negative along the negative x-axis). The x-coordinate is also called the abscissa.

• The y-coordinate of a point is its perpendicular distance from the x-axis, measured along the y-axis ( positive along the positive y-axis and negative along the negative y -axis). The y-coordinate is also called the ordinate.

• In stating the coordinates of a point in the coordinate plane, the x-coordinate comes first
and then the y-coordinate. The coordinates are placed in brackets.

It is observed that

x-coordinate of point A is 5

y-coordinate of point A is 2

Coordinates of point A are (5, 2).

x-coordinate of point C is –5

y-coordinate of point C is 2

Coordinates of point C are (–5, 2).

Note: The coordinates of the origin are (0, 0). Since the origin has zero distance from both

the axes, its abscissa and ordinate are both zero.

Relationship between the signs of the coordinates of a point and the quadrant of the point in which it lies

• The 1st quadrant is enclosed by the positive x-axis and positive y-axis. So, a point in the 1st quadrant is in the form (+, +).

• The 2nd quadrant is enclosed by the negative x-axis and positive y-axis. So, a point in the 2nd quadrant is in the form (–, +).

• The 3rd quadrant is enclosed by the negative x-axis and the negative y-axis. So, the point in the 3rd quadrant is in the form (–, –).

• The 4th quadrant is enclosed by the positive x-axis and the negative y-axis. So, the point in the 4th quadrant is in the form (+, –).

Note: The coordinates of the point on the x-axis are of the form (a, 0) and the coordinates
of the point on the y-axis are of the form (0, b), where a, b are real numbers.

Plotting a point in the Cartesian Plane

We can plot a point in the Cartesian plane, if the coordinates of the points are given.

Example: Plot the points A (5, –3) and B (–2, 5) on the Cartesian plane.

To plot A (5, –3):

(1) Move 5 units along OX and mark the endpoint as M.

(2) From M and perpendicular to the x-axis, move 3 units along OY'. Mark the endpoint as A.
This is the location of the point (5, –3) on the Cartesian plane.

To plot B (–2, 5):

(1) Move 2 units along OX' and mark the endpoint as N.

(2) From N and perpendicular to the x-axis, move 5 units along OY. Mark the endpoint as B.
This is the location of the point (–2, 5) on the Cartesian plane.

• Points A and B are plotted in the following graph.

पापा खो गए वसंत भाग - 1 (Summary of Papa Kho Gye Vasant)

यह एकांकी लेखक श्री विजय तेंदुलकर जी द्वारा लिखा गया है जिसमें निर्जीव वस्तुओं की पीड़ा का सजीव चित्रण किया गया है और पाठ के द्वारा बच्चों के अपहरण के बढ़ते वारदातों को दिखाया है| रात के समय सड़क पर एक बिजली का खंभा, एक पेड़, एक लैटरबॉक्स और दीवार पर नाचने की मुद्रा में खड़ी लड़की का पोस्टर है। सुबह खड़े-खड़े वे जो भी देखते थे, रात में उसकी बातें करते थे| खम्भा एक स्थान पर खड़े रहने के कारण परेशान है| पेड़ कहता है कि वह तो उससे पहले का खड़ा है उसका तो जन्म ही इसी स्थान पर हुआ था। उस समय यहाँ कुछ नहीं था, वह और सामने फैला विशाल समुद्र था। सड़क बनने पर जब खंभे को उसके पास लगाया गया तो पेड़ को लगा कि उसका अकेलापन दूर करने के लिए एक साथी मिल गया है। खंभे पर जब बरसात के दिनों में मुसीबत आई तो उस समय पेड़ ने उसे सहारा देकर संभाला था। उस दिन से दोनों में दोस्ती हो गई। दीवार पर लगे पोस्टर के टेढ़े होने से पोस्टर पर बनी नाचने वाली औरत के घुँघरू बज उठते हैं।

उसी समय लैटरबक्स एक भजन गुनगुनाता हुआ आता है। कौवा भी भजन सुनकर पेड़ के पीछे से बाहर आता है। लैटरबक्स अपने डिब्बे में से चिट्ठियाँ निकालकर पढ़ने लगता है। पेड़ और खंभा लैटरबक्स को चिट्ठियाँ पढ़ने से रोकते हैं।

उसी समय वहाँ किसी के आने की आहट होती है। सब चुप हो जाते हैं। एक आदमी अपने कंधे पर एक लड़की को उठाए चला आ रहा था। आदमी ने उस लड़की को बेहोश कर दिया था इसलिए वह गहरी नींद में सो रही थी। आदमी लड़की को वहीं छोड़कर अपने लिए खाने का प्रबंध करने चला जाता है।

आदमी के जाने के बाद खंभा, पेड़, लैटरबॉक्स और कौवा, लड़की-आदमी के बारे में बातें करने लगते हैं। वे छोटी लड़की को उस आदमी से बचाने का उपाय सोचने लगते हैं। उन सबकी बात करने की आवाजों के कारण लड़की जाग जाती है। वह सबको बातें करते देखकर हैरान रह जाती है। लड़की को उठा देखकर सब चुप हो जाते हैं। लड़की अपने माँ-बाप और घर को याद करके रोने लगती है। लैटरबॉक्स से अब चुप नहीं रहा जाता। लैटरबक्स लड़की से बात शुरू करता है| वह उसके मन का डर दूर करने का प्रयास करता है। वह लड़की से उसके घर का पता पूछता है परन्तु उसे अपने घर का पता मालूम नहीं था।

लैटरबॉक्स लड़की को बताता है कि वे लोग भी इनसानों की तरह बात करते हैं। लड़की उन लोगों के साथ घुल-मिल जाती है। वे सब आपस में खेलने लगते हैं। सब चीज़ें उसको दुष्ट आदमी से बचाने का उपाय सोचने लगते हैं। उसी समय बच्चे उठाने वाला आदमी वहाँ आ जाता है। सभी वस्तुएँ अपने-अपने स्थान पर खड़ी हो जाती हैं। लड़की पेड़ के पीछे छिप जाती है। आदमी लड़की को ढूँढ़ता है परन्तु उसे लड़की कहीं नहीं मिलती। सभी चीज़ें मिल-जुलकर उस लड़की की रक्षा करती हैं। आदमी वहाँ से चला जाता है। सभी लोग लड़की को बचाकर खुश होते हैं। लड़की खेलते हुए सो जाती है।

लड़की के सोने के बाद सब उसे घर कैसे पहुँचाया जाए सब इसके बारे में सोचने लगते हैं। कौवा उन्हें लड़की के घर का पता लगाने का एक उपाय बताता है। वह कहता है - पेड़ और खंभा लड़की के ऊपर इस प्रकार टेढ़े हो जाएँगे, जिससे लगे कि यहाँ कोई दुर्घटना घटी है। खंभा कहता है कि यदि फिर भी वहाँ कोई नहीं आता, तब क्या होगा? कौवा लैटरबॉक्स को एक संदेश लिखने के लिए कहता है।

कुछ देर बाद सुबह हो जाती है। खंभा टेढ़ा खड़ा है, पेड़ सोई हुई लड़की के ऊपर झुका हुआ था, कौवा काँव-काँव कर रहा था। पोस्टर पर बड़े-बड़े अक्षरों में पापा खो गए हैं लिखा हुआ था। नाचने वाली लड़की उस बच्ची की मुद्रा बना लेती है जिसके पापा खो गए थे। अंत में लैटरबॉक्स सबका ध्यान अपनी ओर खींचता है। वह सबसे कहता है कि जिसे भी इस लड़की के पापा मिले, उन्हें यहाँ पर ले आएँ।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ -

• भंगिमा - मुद्रा
• आफ़त - मुसीबत
• थर-थर काँपना - डर से काँपना
• झेलना - सहन करना
• गरूर - घमंड
• कर्कश - कानों को खराब लगने वाली आवाज़
• फोकट - मुफ्त में
• पेट में चूहे दौड़ना - बहुत भूख लगना
• दाल में काला होना - कुछ गड़बड़ की आशंका
• गश्त लगाना - चारों ओर घूमना
• गौर से देखना – ध्यान से देखना
• चकमा देना - धोखा देना
• प्रेक्षक - दर्शक

NCERT Solutions of पापा खो गए

शाम - एक किसान वसंत भाग - 1 (Summary of Sham - Ek Kisan Vasant)

यह कविता कवि सर्वेश्वर दयाल सक्सेना द्वारा लिखी गयी है जिसमें कवि ने जाड़े की शाम के प्राकृतिक दृश्य का चित्रण किया है| शाम के समय पहाड़ एक किसान की तरह बैठा दिखाई दे रहा है| उसके सिर पर आकाश साफ़े के समान बँधा है, पहाड़ के नीचे बहती हुई नदी-घुटनों पर रखी चादर-सी लग रही है, पलाश के पेड़ों पर खिले लाल-लाल फूल-जलती अँगीठी के समान दिखते हैं| दूर पूर्व दिशा में अँधेरा भेड़ों के समूह के समान दुबका बैठा हुआ महसूस होता है|

इस शाम के शांत दृश्य में अचानक मोर बोल पड़ता है। यह आवाज़ सुनकर ऐसा लगा जैसे किसी ने सुनते हो की आवाज लगाई हो। चिलम उलटी हो गई। उसमें से धुआँ उठा। पश्चिम दिशा में सूर्य डूब गया। चारों ओर रात का अँधेरा छा गया।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ -

• साफ़ा - सिर पर बाँधने वाली पगड़ी
• चिलम - हुक्के के ऊपर रखने वाली वस्तु
• चादर-सी - चादर के समान।
• दहक रही है - जल रही है
• पलाश - एक प्रकार का वृक्ष जिस पर लाल रंग के फूल लगते हैं।
• सिमटा - दुबका हुआ
• गल्ले-सा - समूह के समान

• औंधी - उलटी

NCERT Solutions of शाम - एक किसान

चिड़िया की बच्ची सार वसंत भाग - 1 (Summary of Chidiya ki Bachchi Vasant)

इस कहानी में लेखक श्री जैनेंद्र कुमार ने आज़ादी की महत्ता और मनुष्य के स्वार्थी स्वभाव का वर्णन किया है| माधव दास बहुत ही अमीर व्यक्ति हैं। उन्होंने संगमरमर की आलीशान कोठी बनवाई है। उसके सामने सुंदर बगीचा लगवाया है जिसमें फ़व्वारा भी लगा था| शाम के समय कोठी के चबूतरे पर तख्त डलवाकर मसनद के सहारे बैठकर बगीचे की सुंदरता का आनंद लिया करते थे। शाम के समय कोठी के चबूतरे पर तख्त डलवाकर मसनद के सहारे बैठकर बगीचे की सुंदरता का आनंद लिया करते थे। परन्तु उन्हें कुछ खाली-सा लगता था|

एक शाम एक चिड़िया गुलाब की टहनी पर आकर बैठ गई थी। उसकी गर्दन लाल थी और धीरे-धीरे गुलाबी होते हुए किनारों पर नील रंग थे। पंख बहुत चमकदार थे। उसके शरीर पर विचित्र चित्रकारी थी। माधवदास को वह चिड़िया बहुत सुंदर लगी। चिड़िया बगीचे से खुश होकर डालों पर थिरक रही थी| थोड़ी देर तक उसे देखते रहने के बाद उन्होंने चिड़िया से कहा कि यह बगीचा उन्होंने उसी के लिये बनवाया है। चिड़िया माधवदास की बात सुनकर संकोच में पड़ गई । उसने कहा कि वह तो यहाँ केवल साँस लेने के लिए रुक गई थी। माधवदास ने उससे कहा कि यह बगीचा मेरा है और वह यहाँ रह सकती थी। माधवदास की बातें सुनकर चिड़िया थिरकना भूल गई। माधवदास ने उस चिड़िया को उसके सूने महल में रुककर चहचहाने के लिए कहा। चिड़िया बोली कि वह अपने घर माँ के पास जा रही थी। वह अपने घर से धूप खाने, हवा से खेलने और फूलों से बातें करने निकली थी।

माधवदास ने रुकने के बदले चिड़िया को सोने का पिंजरा बनवाने की बात की। उसने चिड़िया को खाने के लिए मोती देने को कहा। चिड़िया उसकी बात सुन कर डर गयी| वह कहती है माँ से अच्छी कोई चीज़ नहीं लगती है। उसके पास माँ का बनाया हुआ घोंसला है, खाना है| वह अपने घर वापस जा रही है। उसकी माँ उसका इंतज़ार कर रही होगी। माधवदास उसे रोकने के तरह-तरह के लालच देता है परन्तु वह नहीं मानती| माधवदास उसे कहते हैं कि वे उसके रहने के लिए सोने का पिंजरा बनवा देंगे, महल में मोतियों के झालर बनवा देंगें। जिस कटोरी में वह पानी पिएगी वह भी सोने की होगी।

इसी बीच माधव दास एक बटन दबा देते हैं जिसकी आवाज़ सुनते ही कोठी के अन्दर से एक नौकर दौड़ा आता है। सेठ माधवदास उसे इशारे करके नौकर से चिड़िया को पकड़ने के लिए कहता है। सेठ उसे जान-बूझकर रोके रखने के लिए उसके भाई-बहनों के बारे में पूछता है। चिड़िया उसे बताती है कि उसकी दो बहन और एक भाई है। चिड़िया को अपने घर जाने की जल्दी थी चूँकि कुछ ही देर में रात होने वाली थी|

अचानक चिड़िया को अपने शरीर पर कठोर हाथों का स्पर्श महसूस होता है। वह चीख मारती हुई नौकर के हाथ से फिसल जाती है। वह जल्दी-जल्दी उड़ती हुई अपनी माँ के पास जा पहुँची। वह अपनी माँ की गोद में दुबक कर जोर-जोर से रोना शुरू कर देती है। माँ ने उससे उसके रोने का कारण पूछती है परन्तु यह कुछ नहीं बोल पाती। वह अपनी माँ की छाती से इस तरह चिपक जाती है जैसे कभी अलग नहीं होगी।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ -

• सुहावना - सुंदर

• व्यसन - दोष

• अभिरुचि - पसंद

• रकाबियाँ - तश्तरी

• मसनद - बड़ा गोल तकिया

• तृप्ति - पूर्ण संतोष

• विनोद-चर्चा - हँसी मजाक

• स्याह - गहरे नीले

• चित्र-विचित्र - अजीबोगरीब

• बेखटके - बिना किसी डर के

• असावधान - निश्चिंत

• संकोच - हिचकिचाहट

• सकुचाना - घबराना

• बोध होना - पता चलना

• चित्त - मन

• प्रफुल्लित - प्रसन्न

• बहार - हरियाली

• बहुतेरी - बहुत सारी

• बाट देखना - प्रतीक्षा करना

• महामान्य - महान व्यक्ति

• निरी - बिल्कुल

• अनजान - नासमझ

• तृष्णा - प्यास

• भाँति-भाँति के - भिन्न-भिन्न प्रकार के

• उजेला - प्रकाश

• चौकन्नी - सावधान रहना

• हाल - तबीयत

• राहू - रास्ता

• चिचियाना - डर से चिल्लाना

• सुबकना - हिचकी लेकर रोना

NCERT Solutions of चिड़िया की बच्ची

Revision Notes of Ch 4 Linear Equations in Two Variables Class 9th Math

Topics in the Chapter

Linear equation in two variables
Solution of a linear equation in two variables
Representation of a linear equation in two variables graphically.
Graphical solution of linear equation in two variables
Represent the equation 2y + 5 = 0, on Cartesian plane.

Linear equation in two variables

An equation of the form, ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are constants, such that a and
b are both not zero and x and y are variables is called a linear equation in two variables.
For example, 2x + 3y + 10 = 0, 3x + 7y = 0
Real life situations can be expressed mathematically as linear equations in two variables.
Example:The age of Ram is 3 more than twice the age of Mohan. Write a linear equation in two
variables to represent this statement.
Solution:
Let the age of Mohan be x years and the age of Ram be y years.
Thus, the given condition can be expressed as y = 2x + 3

Solution of a linear equation in two variables

• The values of the variables in a linear equation, which satisfy the equation are the solutions of
that linear equation.

• A linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions.

• Solution of linear equation in two variables can be found by substitution method.

Example:
Find two different solutions of the equation 4x + 5y = 20.

Solution:

Given equation is 4x + 5y = 20.
If we take x = 0, we obtain:
4 × 0 + 5y = 20
⇒ 5y = 20
⇒ y = 4
So, (0, 4) is a solution of the given equation.
If we take y = 0, we obtain:
4x + 5 × 0 = 20
⇒ 4x = 20
⇒ x = 5
So, (5, 0) is a solution of the given equation.

Representation of a linear equation in two variables graphically.

The geometrical representation of the linear equation, ax + by + c = 0, is a straight line.
In order to represent a linear equation in two variables graphically, its two or three different
points are calculated and then the corresponding points are plotted and joined on the
coordinate plane.

Example:

Represent x + 3y = 6 on a graph paper.

Graphical solution of linear equation in two variables

• Every point on the graph of a linear equation in two variables is a solution of the linear equation
and moreover, every solution of the linear equation is a point on the graph of the linear equation.

Example:A bag contains some Re 1 coins and some Rs 2 coins. The total worth of coins is Rs 45. Find the
number of Re 1 coins, if there are 10 coins of Rs 2.

Solution:

Let there be x coins of Re 1 and y coins of Rs 2.
Thus, 1x + 2y = 45
⇒ x + 2y = 45
This is the required linear equation of the given information. The three solutions of this equation
have been given in the tabular form as follows:

From the above graph, it can be seen that the value of x corresponding to y = 10 is 25.
Therefore, there are 25 coins of Re 1, if there are 10 coins of Rs 2.
The graph of x = a is a straight line parallel to the y-axis, situated at a distance of a units
from y-axis.
The graph of y = b is a straight line parallel to the x-axis, situated at a distance of b units
from x-axis.

Example:

Represent the equation 2y + 5 = 0, on Cartesian plane.

Solution

अपूर्व अनुभव सार वसंत भाग - 1 (Summary of Apurv Anubhav Vasant)

यह कहानी मूलतः जापानी भाषा में लिखा गया है जिसमें तोमोए में पढ़ने वाले तोत्तो-चान तथा यासुकी-चान नामक दो जापानी बच्चों के संघर्ष को दिखाया गया है। यहाँ हरेक बच्चा एक-एक पेड़ को अपने खुद के चढ़ने का पेड़ मानता था और वह उनकी निजी संपत्ति होती थी। तोत्तो-चान यासुकी-चान को अपने पेड़ पर चढ़ने का न्योता देती है। यासुकी-चान को पोलियो हो गया था, जिस कारण वह पेड़ पर चढ़ नहीं सकता था|

तोत्तो-चान का पेड़ मैदान के बाहरी हिस्से में कुहोन्बुत्सु जाने वाली सड़क के पास था। उस बड़े पेड़ पर चढ़ने पर पैर फिसलने लगते थे| ठीक से चढ़ने पर ज़मीन से छह फुट की ऊँचाई पर स्थित द्विशाखा तक पहुँचा जा सकता था। वह झूले जैसी आरामदेह जगह थी। तोत्तो-चान अक्सर खाने की छुट्टी के समय या स्कूल के बाद उस पर चढ़ी मिलती। वहाँ से वह दूर आकाश को या सड़क पर आने-जाने लोगों को देखती।

तोत्तो-चान यासुकी-चान के साथ मिलकर उसे पेड़ पर चढ़ाने की योजना बनाती है। वे अपने घर में माता-पिता को भी इस बारे में कुछ नहीं बताते। तोत्तो-चान अपनी माँ से झूठ बोलती है कि वह यासुकी-चान के घर जा रही है। वह यासुकी-चान को स्कूल में मिलती है और उसे लेकर अपने पेड़ के पास पहुँचती है। इस पेड़ पर वह कई बार चढ़ चुकी थी। तोत्तो-चान चाहती थी कि अब यासुकी-चान भी उस पेड़ पर चढ़े। यासुकी-चान भी पेड़ पर चढ़ने के विचार से बहुत उत्साहित था।

तोत्तो-चान उसे अपने पेड़ के पास ले गई। वहाँ वह चौकीदार के यहाँ से एक सीढ़ी उठाकर ले आई। तोत्तो-चान चौकीदार के छप्पर से एक सीढ़ी घसीटकर पेड़ के तने के सहारे लगा देती है। वह यासुकी-चान को पेड़ पर चढ़ने की कोशिश करने के लिए कहती है। यासुकी-चान बिना सहारे के एक सीढ़ी भी नहीं चढ़ पाता। वह निराश हो जाता है परन्तु तोत्तो-चान हार नहीं मानती और फिर चौकीदार के छप्पर की ओर दौड़कर वहाँ से तिपाई सीढ़ी घसीट लाती है| पसीने से लथपथ तिपाई सीढ़ी को द्विशाखा से लगा देती है। तोत्तो-चान उसको एकएक सीढ़ी पर चढ़ाकर उसे पूरा सहारा दे रही थी। यासुकी-चान भी पूरी शक्ति लगाकर पेड़ पर चढ़ने की कोशिश कर रहा था। आखिरकार वह पेड़ के पास तक पहुँच ही जाता है। तभी तोत्तो-चान को लगता है कि उनकी सारी मेहनत बेकार हो गई है चूँकि यासुकी-चान पेड़ के पास तो पहुँच गया था किंतु पेड़ पर नहीं चढ़ पा रहा था।

तोत्तो-चान का रोने का मन होने लगा लेकिन वह रोती नहीं है| तोत्तो-चान यासुकी-चान को पेड़ का सहारा लेकर लेटने के लिए कहती है। वह उसे पेड़ की ओर पूरी शक्ति से खींचने लगती है। यह एक खतरे से भरा काम था। यासुकी-चान को तोत्तो-चान पर पूरा विश्वास था। अंत में तोत्तो-चान यासुकी-चान को अपने पेड़ पर खींचकर लाने में सफल हो ही जाती है। पसीने से लथपथ तोत्तो-चान सम्मान से यासुकी-चान का अपने पेड़ पर स्वागत करती है। वे दोनों काफ़ी देर तक पेड़ पर बैठकर इधर-उधर की बातें करते रहे। यासुकी-चान के लिए पेड़ पर चढ़ने का यह पहला और अंतिम अवसर था।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ -

• विशाखा - दो शाखाएँ

• आरामदेह - आराम देने वाली

• आमंत्रित - बुलाया जाना

• सूना - खाली, सुनसान

• उत्तेजित - जोश में आना

• ठिठियाकर - खिलखिलाकर

• धकियाना – धक्का देना

• छप्पर - झोंपड़ी के ऊपर की छत

• तिपाई - तीन पैरों वाली

• तरबतर - भीगी हुई

• धरने में - रखने में

• हुरै - जीत की खुशी व्यक्त करने वाला शब्द

• थामना - पकड़ना

• जोखिम - खतरा

• झिझकता-हुआ - संकोच करता हुआ

• सूमो-कुश्ती - जापानी पहलवानों की कुश्ती

NCERT Solutions of अपूर्व अनुभव

रहीम के दोहे सार वसंत भाग - 1 (Summary of Rahim ke Dohe Vasant)

कहि रहीम संपति सगे, बनत बहुत बहु रीत।

बिपति कसौटी जे कसे, तेई साँचे मीत।।

अर्थ - रहीम कहते हैं कि जब हमारे पास धन-संपत्ति होती है तो हमारे बहुत से मित्र और संबंधी बन जाते हैं परन्तु जो व्यक्ति संकट के समय सहायता करता है वही सच्चा मित्र होता है।

जाल परे जल जात बहि, तजि मीनन को मोह।
रहिमन मछरी नीर को, तऊ न छाँड़ति छोह॥

अर्थ - इस दोहे में कवि ने जल के प्रति मछली के गहरे प्रेम के बारे में बताया है। मछली जल से प्रेम करती है पर जल मछली से प्रेम नहीं करता। रहीम कहते हैं कि जब मछली पकड़ने के लिए जाल को जल में डाला जाता है तो मछलियों के प्रति मोह को छोड़कर जल शीघ्र ही जाल से बह जाता है लेकिन मछलियाँ जल के प्रति अपने प्रेम को नहीं खत्म कर पातीं। वे जल से अलग होते ही तड़प-तड़प कर मर जाती हैं।

तरुवर फल नहिं खात है, सरवर पियत न पान।
कहि रहीम परकाज हित, संपति-संचहि सुजान॥

अर्थ - वे कहते हैं कि जिस प्रकार वृक्ष स्वयं फल नहीं खाते हैं, सरोवर स्वयं पानी नहीं पीते ठीक उसी प्रकार सज्जन व्यक्ति धन का संचय खुद के लिए न करके परोपकार के लिए करते हैं।

थोथे बादर क्वार के, ज्यों रहीम घहरात।

धनी पुरुष निर्धन भए, करें पाछिली बात॥

अर्थ - इस दोहे में कवि ने क्वार मास के बादलों का वर्णन किया है। रहीम कहते हैं कि क्वार मास में आकाश में बिना पानी के खाली बादल केवल गरजते हैं बरसते नहीं ठीक उसी प्रकार धनी पुरुष गरीब हो जाने पर भी अपने सुख के दिनों की बातें याद करके घमंड भरी बातें बोलते रहते हैं।

धरती की-सी रीत है, सीत घाम औ मेह।

जैसी परे सो सहि रहे, त्यों रहीम यह देह॥

अर्थ - रहीम कहते हैं कि शरीर की झेलने की रीति धरती के समान होनी चाहिए। जिस प्रकार धरती सर्दी, गर्मी और वर्षा की विपरीत स्थितियों को सहन कर लेती है उसी प्रकार मनुष्य का शरीर भी ऐसा होना चाहिए जो जीवन में आने वाले सुख-दुःख की जैसी भी परिस्थितियाँ हों, उन्हें सहन कर ले।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ -

• संपति - धन

• सगे-संगे - संबंधी

• बनत - बनना

• बहुत - अनेक

• रीत - प्रकार

• विपत्ति - संकट

• कसौटी - परखने का पत्थर

• जे - जो

• कसे - घिसने पर

• तेई - वही

• साँचे - सच्चे

• मति - मित्र

• परे - पड़ने पर

• जात बहि - बाहर निकलना

• तजि - त्यागना

• मीनन - मछलियाँ

• मोह - लगाव

• नीर - पानी

• तऊ - तब भी

• छाँड़ति - छोड़ती है

• छोह - मोह

• तरुवर - पेड़

• नहिं - नहीं

• सरवर - तालाब

• पियत - पीना

• पान - पानी

• परकाज - दूसरों के कार्य

• हित - भलाई

• सचहिं - संचय करना

• सुजान - सज्जन व्यक्ति

• थोथे - जलरहित

• बादर - बादल

• घहरात - गड़गड़ाना

• भए - होना

• पाछिली - पिछली

• रीत - व्यवहार

• सीत - ठंड

• घाम - धूप

• औ - और

• मेह - बारिश

• जैसी परे - जैसी परिस्थिति

• सो - वह

• सहि - सहना

• देह - शरीर

NCERT Solutions of रहीम के दोहे

Revision Notes of Ch 5 Introduction to Euclid's Geometry Class 9th Math

Topics in the Chapter

Definitions in Euclidean Geometry
Euclid’s axioms
Euclid's postulates

Definitions in Euclidean Geometry

• During Euclid’s period, the notations of points, line, plane (or surface), and so on were derived from what was seen around them.

• Some of the definitions given in him are as follows:

(i) Point: A point is that which has no part.

(ii) Line: A line is breadth-less length.

(iii) Straight line: A straight line is one that lies evenly with the points on itself.

(iv) Surface: A surface is that which has length and breadth only. The edges of a surface are lines.

(v) Plane Surface: A plane surface is one that lies evenly with the straight lines on itself.

Euclid’s axioms

• Axioms are the assumptions that are obvious universal truths, but are not proved. These are used throughout mathematics and are not specifically linked to geometry.

Some of Euclid’s axioms are as follows:

• Things that are equal to the same things are equal to one another.

• If equals are added to equals then the wholes are also equal.

• If equals are subtracted from equals then the remainders are equal.

• Things that coincide with one another are equal to one another.

• The whole is greater than the part.

• Things that are double of the same things are equal to one another.

• Things that are halves of the same things are equal to one another.

Euclid's postulates

• Postulates are also universal truths that need not be proved. Euclid used the term “postulate” for the assumptions that were specific to geometry.

Postulate 1

• It is possible to draw a straight line from any point to any other point.

→ Euclid has frequently assumed this postulate, without mentioning that there is a unique line joining two distinct points. The above result can be stated in the form of an axiom as follows.

• Axiom: Given two distinct points, there is a unique line that passes through them.

Postulate 2

• A terminated line can be produced indefinitely.

• Note: According to present day terms, the second postulate states that a line segment can be extended on either side to form a line.

Postulate 3

It is possible to describe a circle with any centre and radius.

Postulate 4

All right angles are equal to one another.

Postulate 5

• If a straight line falling on two straight lines forms interior angles that together measure less than two right angles on the same side of it, then the two straight lines, when produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which the sum of the angles is less than two right angles.

• Euclid's fifth postulate is also called parallel postulate.

Two cases arise from this postulate:

Case 1: If the sum of the two angles is greater than two right angles then the two lines will never meet, no matter how long they are extended in that direction.

Case 2: If the sum of the two angles is exactly equal to two right angles then the two lines will never meet, no matter how long they are continued in both directions.

• Playfair's axiom is the alternative of Euclid's fifth postulate, which can be stated as:

→ For every line in a plane, there exists another unique line in the same plane parallel to the given line, which passes through a point placed at a certain distance from that line.

Revision Notes of Ch 6 Lines and Angles Class 9th Math

Topics in the Chapter

Corresponding angles
Corresponding angles axiom
Converse of corresponding angles axiom
Alternate angles
Alternate angles axiom
Converse of alternate angles axiom
Property of interior angles on the same side of a transversal
Converse of the property of interior angles on the same side of a transversal
Angle sum property of triangles
Relation between the vertex angle and the angles made by the bisectors of the remaining angles

Corresponding angles

Corresponding angles axiom

If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of corresponding angles is equal.

In the above figure, if lines l and m become parallel then we will have following pair of equal angles:

∠1 =∠5, ∠2 =∠6, ∠3 =∠7 and ∠4 = ∠8

Converse of corresponding angles axiom

Alternate angles

Alternate angles axiom

Converse of alternate angles axiom

If a transversal intersects two lines such that the angles in a pair of alternate angles are equal, then the two lines are parallel.

Property of interior angles on the same side of a transversal

Converse of the property of interior angles on the same side of a transversal

In the given figure, line AB is parallel to CD and CD is parallel to EF. Find the value of x

It is given that AB || CD and CD || EF.
We know that the lines which are parallel to the same line are parallel to each other.
Therefore, AB || EF.
⇒ x = 75° (Alternate interior angles)

Angle sum property of triangles

The sum of all the three interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
∴ ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°

Example:If the measures of the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2: 4: 6, then find all the angles of the triangle.

Solution:Ratio of the measures of angles = 2: 4: 6
Therefore, let the angles of the triangle measure 2x, 4x, and 6x.
Now, 2x + 4x + 6x = 180° {By angle sum property of triangles}
⇒ 12x = 180°
⇒ x = 15°
Thus, the angles of the triangle are
2x =2 × 15° = 30°,
4x = 3 × 15° = 60°
6x = 6 × 15° = 90°.
The measure of one of angle is 90°.

Facts deduced from angle sum property of triangles

• There can be no triangle with two right angles or two obtuse angles.
• There can be no triangle with all angles less than or greater than 60°.

Relation between the vertex angle and the angles made by the bisectors of the remaining angles

Find the value of x in the following figure.

∠QRS is an exterior angle of ΔPQR. It is thus equal to the sum of its interior opposite angles.

∴ ∠QRS = ∠QPR + ∠PQR

⇒ x = 65° + 70° = 135°

Thus, the value of x is 135°.

Two exterior angles can be drawn at each vertex of triangle. The two angles thus drawn have an equal measure and are equal to the sum of the two opposite interior angles.

Revision Notes of Ch 7 Triangles Class 9th Math

Topics in the Chapter

Properties of triangle
SAS congruence rule
Meaning of CPCT
ASA congruence rule
AAS congruence rule
SSS congruence rule
RHS congruence rule

Properties of triangle

• If two sides of a triangle are unequal then the longer side has the greater angle opposite it. Thus, we can say that angle opposite to the shorter side of a triangle is smaller.

For example, in the given triangle, AC > AB, therefore ∠ABC > ∠ACB.

• If two angles of a triangle are unequal then the greater angle has the longer side opposite it.Thus, we can say that the smaller angle has the shorter side opposite it.

For example, in the given figure, ∠BAC > ∠ACB, therefore BC > AB.

Angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal.

Find the missing angles in the following triangles.

Solution

We know that angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal.
∴∠ABC = ∠ACB = x (say)
By angle sum property of triangles, we obtain
∠ABC + ∠BCA + ∠CAB = 180°
⇒ x + x + 70° = 180°
⇒ 2x = 110°
⇒ x = 55°
Thus, ∠ABC = ∠BCA = 55°

SAS congruence rule

Meaning of CPCT

CPCT stands for ‘corresponding parts of congruent triangles’. ‘Corresponding parts’ means corresponding sides and angles of triangles. According to CPCT, if two or more triangles are congruent to one another, then all of their corresponding parts are equal.

ASA congruence rule

If two angles and included side of a triangle are equal to the two corresponding angles and the included side of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent by ASA congruence rule.

Example:
In the following figure, AD is the median of ΔABC.

AAS congruence rule

SSS congruence rule

If three sides of a triangle are equal to the three sides of the other triangle, then the two triangles are congruent by SSS congruence rule.

Example:

RHS congruence rule

If the hypotenuse and one side of a right triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and one side of the other right triangle, then the two triangles are congruent to each other by RHS congruence rule.

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