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The Story of My Life Class 10th-Chapter 15 Summary and Quick revision Notes English

After the 'Frost King' incident, Helen spent summer and winter with her family in Alabama. She was very happy. The 'Frost King' was forgotten.

In the autumn, she began to write a sketch of her life, one year after the incident. She became very careful for her writing now. She started fearing that everything she writes might not her thinking. Only her teacher knows about this fear she had. Miss Sullivan consoled and helped in every possible way and encourage her for writing. She persuaded her to write for the 'Youth's Companion', a brief account of her life. Gradually, she emerged from the shadow of her disappointing experience.

The chief events of the year 1893 were her trip to Washington during the inauguration of president Cleveland, and visits to Niagra and the World's fair.

In March 1893, Helen visited Niagara and found it outstanding. She found it difficult to describe her emotions produced in her heart while she stood near the Niagara falls and felt the air vibrate and the earth tremble. Many people found it strange that she was impressed by the beauties of Niagara without watching and hearing.

During the summer of 1893, she visited World's fair with Dr. Alexander Graham Bell and Miss Sullivan. She found that this place turned her childish imaginations into beautiful relaities. She found many wonders of earth. She saw the idols of Shiva and Ganesh, Pyramid's coutry Egypt. mosques of Cairo city, lagoons of italy. She visited the ship used by the Columbus during the discovery of America. She learned about the process of mining diamonds and touched the machinery. In electrical builiding, she examined he telephones, autphones, phonographs and other inventions. Dr Graham Bell made her understood about the working of these devices. From the relics, shelearned more about the progress of the man.

These experiences added a many new terms to Helen's vocabulary.

Quick Revision Notes:

• After the 'Frost King' incident, she began to write a sketch of her life but faced many difficulties while writing due to the previous incident.

• Miss Sulllivan motivated her for writing and persuaded her to write for the 'Youth's Companion', a brief account of her life.

• In the year 1893, she went for trip to Washington during the inauguration of president Cleveland, and visits to Niagra and the World's fair.

• She found Niagara beautiful and felt air and earth trembling.

• She found many amusing things in World's fair and got great experiences from these visits.

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To observe and compare the pressure exerted by a solid iron cuboid on fine sand/wheat flour while resting on it's three different faces and to calculate the pressure exerted in the three different cases - Science Practicals

Aim

To observe and compare the pressure exerted by a solid iron cuboid on fine sand/wheat flour while resting on it's three different faces and to calculate the pressure exerted in the three different cases.

Theory

• Force acting normally on a surface is called the thrust.
• The force (thrust) acting normally (perpendicularly) on the unit area of a surface is called pressure. If F is the force acting normally on a surface of area of cross-section A, then P = F/A.
• SI unit of pressure is Nm^-2 which is also called pascal (Pa).
• Pressure is directly proportional to the force applied on a surface.
• Pressure is inversely proportional to the area of cross-section of a surface normal to the direction of force.

Materials Required
Spring balance, Cuboid, Sand, Tray to hold sand, Scale

Procedure

Step 1: The mass of the cuboid is found with the help of spring balance. Three observations are taken and the mean value is found. Calculated weight = mg (g = 9.8ms^-2 )
Step 2: The length (l), breadth (b) and height (h) of the cuboid is found by taking three observations of each and then by taking their mean.
Step 3: Three pairs of opposite surfaces are marked as S₁, S₂ and S₃ as shown in the figure.
Step 4: The surface areas are calculated as S₁ = lh, S₂ = bh, S₃ = lb
Step 5: The tray is placed on the horizontal surface, 2 inch thick layer of sand is put in it and the surface of the sand is flatten.
Step 6: The cuboid is gently placed vertically on the sand such that the surface S₁ is on the sand.
Step 7: The cuboid is removed and the depth of the depression caused is found by using the scale and recorded. This is repeated two times after flattening the surface and the mean is taken.This mean is recorded as d₁.
Step 8: The steps 6 and 7 are repeated so that surface S₂ and S₃ are on the surface of the loose sand. The depths of depression are recorded as d₂ and d₃.
Step 9: The pressures P₁, P₂ and P₃ are calculated for the surfaces S₁, S₂ and S₃ respectively by dividing the weight of the cuboid by the surface areas of contact.
Step 10: The calculated values of pressures and depths are compared.

Observations and Calculations
Range of the measuring scale =
Least count of the measuring scale =
Range of the spring balance =
Least count of the spring balance =
Length of the brick, 1 = cm =
Breadth of the brick, b = cm =
Height of the brick, h = cm =
Mass of the brick, m =
Acceleration due to gravity at the place of experiment, g =
Weight of the brick = mg =
Force exerted by the brick when placed on the wet sand-bed in the tray F = mg =
Pressure of the brick on the wet sand-bed =

Sl. No.	Area of Face	Pressure, P = F/A	Weight of the dip, d
1.	l×b =
2.	b×h =
3.	l×h =

Precautions
1. The sand should be leveled properly after every reading.
2. The block should be placed on the sand very gently, without applying any extra pressure.
3. The block has to be placed vertically.
4. The scale while measuring the depression should just touch the bottom of the depression.
5. The dimensions of the cuboid should be uniform.

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Study Materials and Revision Notes for Ch 2 Polynomials Class 10th Maths

Polynomials

• Polynomials: An expression of the form p(x) = a₀ + a₁x + a₂x² + .... + a_nxⁿ where a_n ≠ 0 is called a polynomial in variable x of degree n. where; a₀, a_{2 ....} a_n are real numbers and each power of x is a non negative integer.Example: 3x²+ 5x + 3 is a polynomial of degree two which is non negative integer.
√x + 5 is not a polynomial because degree of x is not a non negative integer.

• Polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials respectively.

(i) ax + b is polynomial of degree 1 called linear polynomial.
(ii) ax²+ bx + c is a polynomial of degree 2 called quadratic polynomial.
(iii) ax³+ bx²+ cx + d is a polynomial of degree 3 cubic polynomial.

• Zero Polynomial: A polynomial of degree zero is called zero polynomial. Or,
A polynomial which contains only constant term, is called a zero polynomial.
Example: 5, ax⁰+ 3

• Zero of a polynomial: A real number k is said to be zero of a polynomial p(x) if p(k) = 0.
Example: -3/2 is called zero of a polynomial p(x) = 2x + 3 because p(-3/2) = 2x + 3.
(i) A linear polynomial has at most one zero.
(ii) A Quadratic polynomial has at most two zeroes.
(iii) A Cubic polynomial has at most three zeroes.
(iv) A polynomial of degree n has at most n zeroes.

• For quadratic polynomial: If α,β are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = ax²+ bx + c then:
(i) Sum of zeroes = α + β = -b/a = (-coefficient of x)/(coefficient of x²)
(ii) Product of zeroes = α.β = c/a = (constant term)/(coefficient of x²)
(iii) A quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are α and β, is given by:
p(x) = k[x² - (α+β)x + αβ] where k is any real number.

• For cubic polynomial: If α,β and γ are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = ax³+ bx²+ cx + d then:
(i) α + β + γ = -b/a = (-coefficient of x²)/(coefficient of x³)
(ii) αβ + βγ + γα = c/a = (constant term of x)/(coefficient of x³)
(iii) α.β.γ = -d/a = (-constant term)/(coefficient of x³)
(iv) A cubic polynomial whose zeroes are α, β and γ, is given by:
p(x) = k[x³ - (α+β+γ)x² + (αβ+βγ+γα)x - αβγ] where k is any real number.

• Division Algorithm: If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials where g(x) ≠ 0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that:
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x) < degree g(x).

KIPS IT Tools Plus Class 7 Solutions (Answers of KIPS Class 7 Book)

Get answers of KIPS IT Tools Plus book. If you have any problem in finding the correct answers of Information and Computer Technology Textbook then you can find here. This page will help in finding those KIPS Computer Book Solutions of books. Here you find complete chapter detailed questions and answers of Class 7 KIPS IT Tools Plus. The answer of each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters and select needy one.

Chapter 1 - Number System
Chapter 2 - Microsoft Windows
Chapter 3 - Formulas and Functions
Chapter 4 - Using Excel as Database
Chapter 5 - Advance Features of Excel
Chapter 6 - Working with Flash
Chapter 7 - Working with layers
Chapter 8 - Graphics in QBASIC
Chapter 9 - Looping Statements
Chapter 10 - Surfing Net and E-mail
Chapter 11 - The Virus

Study Material and Notes of Ch 4 Carbon and its Compounds Class 10th Science

Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• The Covalent Bond
• Versatile nature of Carbon
• Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds
• Important Carbon Compounds
• Soaps and Detergents

Introduction

→ Compounds are of two types:
(i) Organic Compounds
(ii) Inorganic Compounds

→ Organic Compounds are made up of Carbons and form the basis of all living organisms.

The Covalent Bond

→ Carbon shares its valence electrons with other atoms of carbon or with atoms of other elements. Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Chlorine etc. also attain noble gas configuration by this method.

→ The bond formed by sharing of electron pair between two atoms are known as covalent atoms.

→ They have strong bonds within the molecule and small inter-molecular forces which gives rise to the low melting and boiling point. They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

→ The various physical forms in which an element carbon exist due to differences in the arrangements of atoms are called allotropes of carbon. They have same chemical properties but different physical properties.

→ Carbon allotropes exist in three solid forms:
(i) Diamond: Carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms forming a rigid three-dimensional
structure.
(ii) Graphite: Carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same plane giving a hexagonal array. Hexagonal arrays are placed in layers one above the other.
(iii) Buckminsterfullerence (C-60): Carbon atoms arranged in the shape of a football.

→ Carbon compounds contain single, double and triple covalent bonds.

→ Methane is simplest form of carbon.

Versatile nature of Carbon

→ The nature of forming covalent bonds due to the property of tetravalency and catenation helped the carbon in forming a large variety of compounds on the earth.

→ The unique property of carbon to form bonds with other atoms of carbon is called catenation.

→ The carbon-carbon bond forms very large chain and is very strong, hence stable.

→ Carbon has valency of four which can forms bond with four other atoms of carbon or atoms of some other mono-valent element.

→ Carbon forms very strong bonds due to its small size. Bonds formed by larger atoms are much weaker.

→ Small size of Carbon enables the nucleus to hold on to the shared pairs of electrons strongly.

Chemical Properties of Carbon Compounds

→ Compounds of carbon which are linked by only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called saturated hydrocarbons.

→ Compounds of carbon having double or triple bonds between their carbon atoms are called unsaturated hydrocarbons.

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The Story of My Life Class 10th-Chapter 16 Summary and Quick revision Notes English

Before October 1893, Helen had studied various subjects in an unsystematic way. She read the histories of Greece, Rome and the United States. She already knew some French and now she started learning French grammar. She acquired a sufficient knowledge of French to read passages and fables. She also learned the correct pronunciation of French with the help of her teacher, Miss Sullivan.

After being recovered from the fatigue and excitement of World's fair, she undertook a journey to Pennsylvania with Miss Sullivan. They stayed with the family of Mr. William Wade. His neighbour, Mr. Irons taught Helen Latin grammar and also helped her in arithmetic. She studied Tennyson's 'In Memoriam' and became aware of the author and recognize his particular style of writing. She started Caesar's 'Gallic War' when she went her home in Alabama.

Quick Revision Notes:

• Helen studied various subjects before October 1893.

• She learned the correct pronunciation of French words and became able to read passages and fables written in French.

• She visited Pennsylvania and learned Latin grammar there.

Hard Words from the Chapter:

• desultory - unsystematic
• considerable - large in amount
• absurd - unreasonable
• Genus - a kind
• ceased - stopped
• evanescent - fading from memory
• tinted - coloured
• capricious - unpredictable

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Study Material and Notes of Ch 16 Management of Natural Resources Class 10th Science

Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• Need to manage our Resources
• Forests and Wild Life
• Water for all
• Coal and Petroleum
• Management of Natural Resources

Introduction

1. Natural resources are the basic substances present in nature which are being utilised by the living organisms for their survival.
2. Some natural resources like water, soil, forests, wildlife, coal, petroleum, etc., should be utilised in a sustainable manner in order to conserve our environment.
3. Overexploitation of natural resources is done by the humans for the following reasons
(i) To fulfil the demands of ever-increasing human population.
(ii) Large scale industrialisation and urbanisation.
(iii) Construction of buildings and housing complexes, etc.

4. A number of laws at national and international level are enforced to safeguard our environment.

5. Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was introduced in 1985, to improve the poor water quality of the Ganga river.

6. We can adopt the 3 R’s – Reduce, Recycle and Reuse, to save our environment.
(i) Reduce involves the less use of resources.
(ii) Recycle involves recycling of used items like plastic, paper, glass, metal, etc., and convert them in to new items.
(iii) Reuse involves using things again and again.
7. The judicious use of resources will prevent wastage and conserve our natural resources.
8. The management should ensure equitable distribution of resources so that all rich and poor benefit from the development of these resources.
9. Forests are ‘biodiversity hotspots’. The loss of its biodiversity leads to a loss of ecological stability.
10. The main aim of conservation is try to preserve the biodiversity we have inherited.
11. The stakeholders of forests are the local and tribal people of the area, the Forest Department of the Government, the industrialists and the wildlife and nature enthusiasts. Each of these groups of stakeholders make use of forests in the following ways
(i) The people who live in or around the forests are dependent on the forest products for various needs like shelter, food, transport, fuel, medicines and cattle grazing. After the British took control of the forests, these people were forced to depend on much smaller areas and forest resources started becoming overexploited to some extent.
(ii) The Forest Department of India destroyed the huge biodiversity of forests by converting them into monocultures of commercially important plants, such as pine, teak or eucalyptus. Such forests are useful for the industrial purposes and not for local needs.
(iii) Industrialists consider the forest as merely a source of raw materials for its factories. They are not interested in the sustainability of the forest in one particular area. They do not have any stake in ensuring that one particulate area should yield an optimal amount of some produce for all generations to come.
(iv) The wildlife and nature enthusiasts play an active role in conserving the forest in its pristine form.
12. The local people should be actively involved in forest management since they ensure its sustainability.
13. Government of India has recently instituted the ‘Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Award’ for Wildlife Conservation in the memory of late Amrita Devi Bishnoi, who laid down her life in 1731 with 363 other people for the protection of ‘Khejri’ trees in Khejrali village near Jodhpur, Rajasthan.
14. Deforestation is mainly caused by industrialism, tourism and development projects. The forests are a vast and complex entity that offers a range of natural resources for our use.
15. There are many movements led by the local people against misuse and overexploitation of forest resources. For example
(i) The Chipko Andolan (which originated in the Reni village of Garhwal), the villagers used to hug the forest trees and prevent their mass felling by the contactors. The local people use the forest resources without destroying the trees. The destruction of forests affects the soil quality and water sources, in addition to reduced availability of forest resources.
(ii) In 1972, the West Bengal Forest Department by actively involving the villagers in the management of the Arabari forest range, was able to revive the degraded Sal forests of the region. In return, the villagers were given employment in both siviculture and harvesting operations and allowed fuel wood and fodder collection on payment of a nominal fee. By, 1983, a previously worthless forest was valued 12.5 crores.
16. All these movements provide evidence that by involving local people we can ensure the protection and sustainability of forests.
17. Water is a basic necessity as we need it for fulfilling all our needs.
18. Rains in India are largely due to monsoons which is available only for a few months of the year.
19. Irrigation methods like dams, tanks and canals have been used in various parts of India since ancient times. The management of all these water resources was carried out locally and optimally,
according to the agricultural and daily needs of the local people.
20. Large dams serve dual purpose of irrigation and electricity generation. The canal systems leading from these dams can transfer large amounts of water to great distances, e.g., the Indira Gandhi Canal in Rajasthan.
21. The mismanagement of large dams and canal systems leads to unequal distribution of water and its benefits. Therefore, building large dams brings about several social, economic and environmental problems.
22. The construction of several dams like Tehri dam and Tawa dam displaced several poor tribals and peasants without satisfactory rehabilitation or compensation.
23. Watershed management emphasises scientific soil and water conservation in order to increase the biomass production with an aim to conserve the ecosystem. It not only increases the production and income but also mitigates droughts and floods.
24. Restoring the ancient water harvesting systems has recharged ground water levels and is a viable option to the large scale water storage projects.

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Study Material and Notes of Ch 1 Power Sharing Class 10th Civics

Introduction

• Story of Belgium
• Story of Sri Lanka
• Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka
• Accommodation in Belgium
• Why power sharing is desirable?

• Forms of power-sharing

Story of Belgium

• Belgium is a small country in Europe which has a population of a little over one crore.

• The ethnic composition of this small country is very complex.

• Out of the total population of the country, 59 percent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch
language. Another 40 percent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining one percent of the Belgians speak German.

• In Belgium's capital, Brussels, 80 percent people speak French while 20 percent are Dutch speaking.

• The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful.
→ This made Dutch-speaking community angry as they the benefit of economic development and education much later.

• During the 1950s and 1960s, tensions between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities created due to these differences.

Story of Sri Lanka

• Sri Lanka is an island nation, south of India having diverse population of about two crore people.

• The major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers (74 percent) and the Tamil-speakers (18 percent).

• Tamils are divided into two groups:

→ Sri Lankan Tamils (13 percent) - Tamil natives of the country

→ Indian Tamils (5 percent) - came from India during colonial period as plantation workers.

• Most of the Sinhala-speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims.

• There are about 7 percent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhala.

Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka

• The democratically elected government adopted a series of Majoritarian policy measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. These are:
→ Sinhala as the only official language.
→ The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.

• These decisions gradually increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan Tamils.

• The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language, for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.

• By 1980s several political organisations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.

• It soon turned into Civil War.

Accommodation in Belgium

• Between 1970 and 1993, Belgian's constitution amended four times to work out an arrangement that would make everyone to live together.

• The elements of the Belgian model:

→ Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government.

→ Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country.

→ Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.

→ There is also provision of 'community government’ elected by people belonging to one language
community which has the power regarding cultural, educational and language-related issues.

Why power sharing is desirable?

• Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

• Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy.

→ A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise, and who have to live with its effects.

Forms of power-sharing

• In modern democracies, power sharing arrangements can take many forms.

→ Horizontal distribution of power: Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Example: India.

→ Federal Government (Vertical distribution of power): Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Example: USA.

→ Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. Example: ‘Community government’ in Belgium.

→ Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power.

NCERT Solutions of Chapter 1 Power Sharing

Study Materials and Revision Notes for Ch 5 Arithmetic Progression Class 10th Maths

Arithmetic Progression

• Arithmetic Progression: An arithmetic progression is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding a fixed number d to the preceding term, except the first term.

• Term: The fixed number d is called the common difference of the A.P.

• Common Difference: Each number in the list of arithmetic progression is called term.

√x + 5 is not a polynomial because degree of x is not a non negative integer.

• General form of an AP: If a is first term and d is common difference of an A.P. The general form of an AP is: a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d
(iii) ax³+ bx²+ cx + d is a polynomial of degree 3 cubic polynomial.

• Zero Polynomial: A polynomial of degree zero is called zero polynomial. Or,
A polynomial which contains only constant term, is called a zero polynomial.
Example: 5, ax⁰+ 3

• Zero of a polynomial: A real number k is said to be zero of a polynomial p(x) if p(k) = 0.
Example: -3/2 is called zero of a polynomial p(x) = 2x + 3 because p(-3/2) = 2x + 3.
(i) A linear polynomial has at most one zero.
(ii) A Quadratic polynomial has at most two zeroes.
(iii) A Cubic polynomial has at most three zeroes.
(iv) A polynomial of degree n has at most n zeroes.

• For quadratic polynomial: If α,β are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = ax²+ bx + c then:
(i) Sum of zeroes = α + β = -b/a = (-coefficient of x)/(coefficient of x²)
(ii) Product of zeroes = α.β = c/a = (constant term)/(coefficient of x²)
(iii) A quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are α and β, is given by:
p(x) = k[x² - (α+β)x + αβ] where k is any real number.

• For cubic polynomial: If α,β and γ are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = ax³+ bx²+ cx + d then:
(i) α + β + γ = -b/a = (-coefficient of x²)/(coefficient of x³)
(ii) αβ + βγ + γα = c/a = (constant term of x)/(coefficient of x³)
(iii) α.β.γ = -d/a = (-constant term)/(coefficient of x³)
(iv) A cubic polynomial whose zeroes are α, β and γ, is given by:
p(x) = k[x³ - (α+β+γ)x² + (αβ+βγ+γα)x - αβγ] where k is any real number.

• Division Algorithm: If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials where g(x) ≠ 0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that:
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x) < degree g(x).

CBSE Practicals for Class 11 Chemistry Lab Manual Work

List of Experiments to be performed for Class 11 Chemistry during practical exams in Science subject. The list of experiments include the practicals from Chemistry and truly based NCERT Chemistry Laboratory Manual books. Click on the list to get the details of the experiments for lab manual works. These laboratory manual works are prescribed by the CBSE for Class 11 Chemistry students. Get the details to complete your Chemistry lab manual practical works which is based on NCERT.

Chemistry Practical Work

Experiments

A. Basic Laboratory Techniques

Cutting glass tube and glass rod
Bending a glass tube
Drawing out a glass jet
Boring a cork

B. Characterization and purification of chemical substances

Determination of melting point of an organic compound
Determination of boiling point of an organic compound
Crystallization of impure sample of anyone of the following: Alum, copper sulphate, Benzoic acid.

C. Experiments related to pH change

(a) Anyone of the following experiments:

Determination of pH of some solutions obtained from fruit juices, varied concentrations of acids,bases and salts using pH paper or universal indicator.
Comparing the pH of solutions of strong and weak acid of same concentration.
Study the pH change in the titration of a strong base using universal indicator.

b) Study of pH change by common-ion effect in case of weak acids and weak bases.

D. Chemical equilibrium

One of the following experiments:
(a) Study the shift in equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocyanate ions by increasing/ decreasing the concentration of either ions.
(b) Study the shift in equilibrium between [Co(H
and chloride ions by changing the concentration of either of the ions.

E. Quantitative estimation

Using a chemical balance.
Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid.
Determination of strength of a given solution of sodium hydroxide by titrating it against standard solution of oxalic acid.
Preparation of standard solution of sodium carbonate.
Determination of strength of a given solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating it against standard sodium carbonate solution.

F. Qualitative analysis

G. Detection of Nitrogen, Sulphur, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine in an organic compound.

देवव्रत - पठन सामग्री और सार NCERT Class 7th Hindi बाल महाभारत कथा

सार

नदी के किनारे गंगा एक सुंदर युवती के रूप में खड़ी थीं तभी राजा शांतनु वहाँ से गुजरे और वे गंगा पर मोहित हो गए। उन्होंने युवती के सामने विवाह करने का प्रस्ताव रखा। गंगा राजा शांतनु से विवाह करने को तैयार हो गयीं परन्तु उन्होंने राजा शांतनु के सामने शर्तें रखीं जिसे शांतनु ने स्वीकार कर लिया।

समय के साथ गंगा के कई तेजस्वी पुत्र हुए परन्तु गंगा ने उन्हें जीने नहीं दिया। गंगा पुत्र के जन्म लेते ही उसे नदी के बहती धारा में फेंक देती थी। चूँकि राजा शांतनु वचन दे चुके थे इसलिए वे कुछ नहीं कर पाते थे। जब आठवें बच्चे ने जन्म लिया तब राजा शांतनु से रहा नहीं गया, और उन्होंने गंगा को रोक दिया। इसपर गंगा ने राजा को उनके वचन की याद दिलाई और शर्तों के गंगा अब राजा के घर नहीं रुक सकतीं थीं। साथ ही गंगा ने यह कहा कि वो उनके आठवें पुत्र को नदी में नहीं फेकेंगी, वह पुत्र को कुछ पालेंगीं और फिर राजा शांतनु को सौंप देंगी।

गंगा के चले जाने के बाद राजा शांतनु राज-काज में मन लगाने लगे।

एक दिन राजा शिकार खेलते हुए गंगा के तट पर चले गए। वहाँ उन्होंने एक सुंदर और गठीले युवक को नदी की बहती हुई धारा पर बाण चलाते देखा बाणों की बौछार से बहती धारा रुकी हुई थी जिसे देख राजा भी हतप्रभ रह गए। तभी वहाँ गंगा उनके सामने आयीं और बताया कि यही राजा और उनका आठवाँ पुत्र देवव्रत है जिसे महर्षि वसिष्ठ ने शिक्षा दी है। राजा शांतनु देवव्रत को लेकर वहाँ से चल दिए। देवव्रत ही बाद में भीष्म पितामह के नाम से प्रसिद्द हुए।

पाठ सूची में वापिस जाएँ

भीष्म प्रतिज्ञा - पठन सामग्री और सार NCERT Class 7th Hindi बाल महाभारत कथा

सार

राजा शांतनु देवव्रत को लेकर खुशी-खुशी नगर लौट आए और देवव्रत राजकुमार का कार्य संभालने लगे। चार वर्ष बीत गए।

एक दिन राजा शांतनु यमुना के तट पर घूमने गए, वहाँ उन्हें एक सुंदर कन्या दिखाई दी जिसका नाम सत्यवती था। उसने राजा शांतनु का मन मोह लिया। राजा ने सत्यवती से प्रेम-याचना की। सत्यवती ने बताया कि उसके पिता मल्लाहों के सरदार हैं और राजा को विवाह के लिए उनकी अनुमति लेनी होगी।

राजा शांतनु सत्यवती के पिता केवटराज के पास गए और सत्यवती से विवाह करने इच्छा बताई। केवटराज ने विवाह के बदले एक वचन माँगा कि राजा शांतनु के बाद हस्तिनापुर का उत्तराधिकारी सत्यवती का पुत्र ही होगा। केवटराज की यह शर्त राजा को अच्छी नहीं लगी और वह निराश मन से वहाँ से लौट आए।

राजा शांतनु चिंता से भरा जीवन बिताने लगे। देवव्रत को जब यह बात पता लगी तो वह केवटराज से मिलने गए और उन्हें सत्यवती विवाह राजा से करवाने को कहा। केवटराज ने अपनी वही शर्त दोहराई जिसपर शांतनु ने उन्हें आश्वासन दिया कि वह राज्य का लोभ त्याग कर, सत्यवती के पुत्र को ही राजा बनने देंगे। परन्तु केवटराज इतने में संतुष्ट नहीं हुए और उन्होंने कहा कि अगर देवव्रत के पुत्र ऐसा न मानें और सत्यवती के पुत्र राज्य छीन लें तो। इसपर देवव्रत ने प्रतिज्ञा ली कि वह आजीवन शादी नहीं करेंगे, आजन्म ब्रह्मचारी रहेंगे। इस कठोर प्रतिज्ञा के कारण ही देवव्रत का नाम भीष्म पड़ गया।

केवटराज राजा शांतनु से अपनी पुत्री सत्यवती के विवाह करने तैयार हो गए।

कुरुवंश का क्रम -

पाठ सूची में वापिस जाएँ

CBSE Class 10th Board Exam Datesheet (Time Table) 2017

Central Board of Secondary education (CBSE) is going to conduct Class 10th Board Examination 2017. The datesheet for Class 10th Board Exams 2017 has been released by CBSE containing all the information of subject-wise schedule which you can check here.

From Class 10, a total of 1667573 students have registered for the exam. Last year, this number was 1491371 for the Board exam.

The Class 10th examination will start from 9th March 2017 and will continue till 10th April 2017.
The exams will begin at 10.30 am.

Check Class 10th Board Datesheet here

DAY,DATE AND TIME	SUBJECT CODE	SUBJECT

Thursday, 9^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 11.30 A.M.
	401	DYNAMICS OF RETAILING (O)
	402	INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY(O)
	403	SECURITY (O)
	404	AUTOMOBILE TECHNOLOGY (O)
	405	INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MARKET(O)
	406	INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM(O)
	407	BEAUTY & WELLNESS (O)
	461	DYNAMICS OF RETAILING (C)
	462	INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY(C)
	463	SECURITY(C)
	464	AUTOMOBILE TECHNOLOGY (C)
	465	INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MARKET(C)
	466	INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM(C)
	467	BEAUTY & WELLNESS (C)

Friday, 10^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	002	HINDI COURSE-A
	006	TAMIL
	085	HINDI COURSE-B

Wednesday,15th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M	007	TELUGU
	018	FRENCH
	076	NATIONAL CADET CORPS
	089	TELUGU-TELANGANA
	166	INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

Thursday,16^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 12.30 P.M	031	CARNATIC MUSIC (VOCAL)
	032	CARNATIC MUSIC (MELODIC INSTRUMENTS)
	033	CARNATIC MUSIC (PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS)
	034	HINDUSTANI MUSIC (VOCAL)
	035	HINDUSTANI MUSIC (INSTRUMENTS MELODIC)
	036	HINDUSTANI MUSIC (PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS)

Saturday,18^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M. 10.30 A.M. TO 12.30 P.M.	154	ELEMENTS OF BUSINESS
	254	ELEMENTS OF BOOK-KEEPING & ACCOUNTANCY
	354	E-PUBLISHING & E-OFFICE(ENG.)
	454	E-PUBLISHING & E-OFFICE(HINDI)

Monday, 20^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	049	PAINTING
	096	SPANISH
	021	RUSSIAN

Wednesday, 22^nd March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M	086	SCIENCE -THEORY
Wednesday, 22^nd March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M	090	SCIENCE W/O PRACTICAL

Thursday, 23^rd March,2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	003	URDU COURSE A
	010	GUJARATI
	011	MANIPURI
	017	TIBETAN
	023	PERSIAN
	024	NEPALI
	025	LIMBOO
	026	LEPCHA
	092	BODO
	093	TANGKHUL
	094	JAPANESE
	095	BHUTIA
	098	MIZO
	131	RAI
	132	GURUNG
	133	TAMANG
	134	SHERPA
	303	URDU COURSE B

Saturday, 25^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	008	SINDHI
Saturday, 25^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	122	SANSKRIT

Monday, 27^th March,2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	004	PUNJABI
	005	BENGALI
	009	MARATHI
	012	MALAYALAM
	013	ODIA
	014	ASSAMESE
	015	KANNADA
	016	ARABIC
	020	GERMAN

Thursday, 30^th March,2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	101	ENGLISH COMMUNICATIVE
Thursday, 30^th March,2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	184	ENGLISH LANGUAGE & LITERATURE

Monday, 03^rd April,2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	041	MATHEMATICS
Monday, 03^rd April,2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.

Wednesday, 5^th April,2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	165	FOUNDATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Wednesday, 5^th April,2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.

Saturday, 8th April,2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	087	SOCIAL SCIENCE
Saturday, 8th April,2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.

Monday, 10^th April, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	064	HOME SCIENCE
Monday, 10^th April, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.

Download CBSE Class 10th Board Datesheet

Check CBSE Class 12th Board Datesheet

CBSE Class 12th Board Exam Datesheet (Time Table) 2017

Central Board of Secondary education (CBSE) is going to conduct Class 12th Board Examination 2017. The datesheet for Class 12th Board Exams 2017 has been released by CBSE containing all the information of subject-wise schedule which you can check here.

From Class 12, this year there are 10,98,420 students appearing for Board examination. Last year, a total of 10,65,179 students had appeared for class 12th examination.

The Class 12th examination will start from 9th March 2017 and will continue till 29th April 2017.
The exams will begin at 10.30 am.

Check Class 12th Board Datesheet here

DAY,DATE AND TIME	SUBJECT CODE	SUBJECT
Thursday, 09^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	001	ENGLISH ELECTIVE –NCERT
	101	ENGLISH ELECTIVE-CBSE(FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH)
	301	ENGLISH CORE

Friday, 10^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. To 1.30 P.M.	056	DANCE –KATHAK
	057	DANCE-BHARATNATYAM
	059	DANCE –ODISSI
	061	DANCE-KATHKALI
	069	CREATIVE WRITING & TRANSLATION STUDIES
	108	SINDHI
	606	OFFICE COMMUNICATION
	748	INFORMATION STORAGE & RETRIVAL
	749	INTEGRATED TRANSPORT OPERATION
	753	FRONT OFFICE OPERATIONS
	757	TRAVEL AGENCY & TOUR OPERATIONS BUSINESS (NSQF)
	784	SALESMANSHIP-II
	793	CAPITAL MARKET OPERATIONS
	785	BANKING-II

Wednesday, 15^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M	042	PHYSICS
	123	PERSIAN
	605	SECRETARIAL PRACTICE & ACCOUNTING
10.30.A.M. TO 12.30 P.M.	632	AIR CONDITIONING & REFRIGERATION – III
	658	OPTICS –II
	667	RADIOGRAPHY-I GENERAL
	787	ELECTRICAL MACHINE
10.30.A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	661	CLINICAL BIO-CHEMISTRY (MLT)
	731	CHILD HEALTH NURSING
	776	GARMENT CONSTRUCTION –II
	777	TRADITIONAL INDIAN TEXTILE

Thursday, 16^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	054	BUSINESS STUDIES
Thursday, 16^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	762	BASIC HORTICULTURE-II
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	745	BEAUTY & HAIR -II
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	789	OPERATION & MAINTENANCE OF COMMUNICATION DEVICES

Saturday, 18^th March,2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	003	URDU ELECTIVE
	104	PUNJABI
	106	TAMIL
	111	MANIPURI
	112	MALAYALAM
	114	ASSAMESE
	115	KANNADA
	303	URDU CORE

Monday, 20^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	041	MATHEMATICS
	730	FIRST AID & EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE
	742	CLINICAL BIO-CHEMISTRY & MICROBIOLOGY-II
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	662	MICROBIOLOGY (MLT)
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	733	HEALTH CENTRE MANAGEMENT
10.30 A.M. TO 12.30 P.M.	659	OPTHALMIC TECHNIQUES-II
	668	RADIOGRAPHY-II (SPECIAL INVESTIGATION IMAGING
		RADIOGRAPHY)

Tuesday, 21^stMarch, 2017 10.30 AM TO 12.30 PM
	608	SHORTHAND ENGLISH
	610	SHORTHAND HINDI
10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	053	FASHION STUDIES
	068	AGRICULTURE
	113	ODIA
	120	GERMAN
	121	RUSSIAN
	622	ENGINEERING SCIENCE
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	795	DATABASE MANAGEMENT APPLICATION (NSQF)

Thursday, 23^rd, March,2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	027	HISTORY
	744	RETAIL SERVICES-II(NSQF)-
	750	LOGISTICE OPERATION & SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT –II
	766	BUSINESS OPERATION & ADMINISTRATION –II
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	660	LABORATORY MEDICINES (CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
	660	HEMATOLOGY & HISTOPATHOLOGY –II (MLT)
		HEMATOLOGY & HISTOPATHOLOGY –II (MLT)

Friday, 24^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	734	FOOD PRODUCTION III
	756	INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT(NSQF)

Saturday, 25^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. To 1.30 P.M.
	043	CHEMISTRY
	625	APPLIED PHYSICS
	737	FOOD & BEVERAGE COST & CONTROL
	765	FLORICULTURE
	781	COST ACCOUNTING
10.30 A.M. To 12.30 P.M.	657	BIOLOGY OPTHALMIC-II
10.30 A.M. To 12.30 P.M.	666	RADIATION PHYSICS

Monday, 27^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	065	INFORMATICS PRACTICES
	083	COMPUTER SCIENCE
	754	ADVANCED FRONT OFFICE OPERATIONS
	763	OLERICULTURE – II
	786	INSURANCE –II
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	775	BASIC PATTERN DEVELOPMENT

Wednesday, 29^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	055	ACCOUNTANCY
	751	BAKERY-II
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	746	HOLISTIC HEALTH –II
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	800	SECURITY(NSQF)

Thursday, 30^th March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.
	735	FOOD PRODUCTION IV

Friday, 31^st ,March, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	046	ENGINEERING GRAPHICS
	070	HERITAGE CRAFTS
	075	HUMAN RIGHTS & GENDER STUDIES
	079	LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
	117	TIBETAN
	194	JAPANESE
	196	SPANISH
	626	MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
	783	MARKETING- II
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	779	TEXTILE CHEMICAL PROCESSING
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	796	WEB APPLICATION – II (NSQF)

Saturday, 1st April,2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	073	KNOWLEDGE TRADITIONS & PRACTICE OF INDIA
	074	LEGAL STUDIES
	071	GRAPHIC DESIGN
	728	HEALTH EDUCATION, COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC
		RELATIONS & PUBLIC HEALTH
	739	THE CREATIVE & COMMERCIAL PROCESS IN MASS MEDIA-II
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	778	PRINTED TEXTILE
10.30 A.M. TO 12.30 P.M.	607	TYPOGRAPHY & COMPUTER APPLICATION(ENG.)

Monday, 3^rd April, 2017 10.30 A.M. To 1.30 P.M.	028	POLITICAL SCIENCE
	741	LABORATORY MEDICINE-II
	743	RETAIL OPERATIONS-II(NSQF)
	780	FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING-II

Wednesday, 5^th April, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	044	BIOLOGY
	782	TAXATION-II
	794	DERIVATIVE MARKET OPERATIONS
10.30 AM TO 12.30 PM	633	AIR CONDITIONING & REFRIGERATION-IV

Thursday, 06^thApril, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	029	GEOGRAPHY
	045	BIOTECHNOLOGY
	747	LIBRARY SYSTEMS & RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Monday, 10^th April, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	048	PHYSICAL EDUCATION


Wednesday, 12^th April, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	039	SOCIOLOGY


Monday, 17^thApril, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	030	ECONOMICS

10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	790	TROUBLE SHOOTING & MAINTENANCE OF
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.		ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

Tuesday, 18^th April, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	064	HOME SCIENCE


Wednesday, 19^TH April, 2017 10.30 AM TO 12.30 PM
	049	PAINTING
	050	GRAPHICS
	051	SCULPTURE
	052	APPLIED ARTS-COMMERCIAL ARTS
	788	ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
10.30 AM TO 1.30 PM	752	CONFECTIONERY

Thursday, 20th April,2017 10.30 AM to 1.30 PM	078	THEATRE STUDIES
Thursday, 20th April,2017 10.30 AM to 1.30 PM	193	TANGKHUL

Saturday, 22^nd April, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	002	HINDI ELECTIVE
	110	GUJARATI
	124	NEPALI
	125	LIMBOO
	126	LEPCHA
	195	BHUTIA
	302	HINDI CORE

Monday, 24th April, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	037	PSYCHOLOGY


Tuesday, 25^th April, 2017 10.30 A.M. To 1.30 P.M.	031	MUSIC KARANATAKA (VOCAL)
	032	MUSIC KARANATAKA INSTRUMENTAL (MELODIC)
	034	MUSIC HINDUSTANI VOCAL
	035	MUSIC HINDUSTANI INSTRUMENTAL MELODIC
	036	MUSIC HINDUSTANI INSTRUMENTAL PERCUSSION

Wednesday, 26^th April, 2017 10.30 A.M. To 1.30 P.M.
	072	MASS MEDIA STUDIES

Thursday, 27^th April, 2017 10.30 A.M. TO 1.30 P.M.	022	SANSKRIT ELECTIVE
	105	BENGALI
	107	TELUGU
	109	MARATHI
	116	ARABIC
	118	FRENCH
	189	TELUGU-TELANGANA
	198	MIZO
	322	SANSKRIT CORE
	738	UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION AND FORMS OF
		MASS MEDIA-II
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	627	AUTO ENGINEERING-II(NSQF)

Friday, 28^th April, 2017 10.30 AM TO 1.30 PM	076	NATIONAL CADET CORPS(NCC)
Friday, 28^th April, 2017 10.30 AM TO 1.30 PM	067	MULTIMEDIA & WEB TECHNOLOGY
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	628	AUTOSHOP REPAIR & PRACTICE-II NSQF
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	774	FABRIC STUDY
10.30 A.M. TO 12.30 P.M.	609	TYPOGRAPHY & COMPUTER APPLICATION(HINDI)
10.30 A.M. TO 12.30 P.M.	609

Saturday, 29^th April, 2017	040	PHILOSOPHY
	066	ENTERPRENEURSHIP
	604	OFFICE PROCEDURE & PRACTICES
	729	BASIC CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND DISEASE AND
		MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
	736	FOOD SERVICE-II
	740	GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY
10.30 A.M. TO 1.00 P.M.	732	MIDWIFERY

Download CBSE Class 12th Board Datesheet

Check CBSE Class 10th Board Datesheet

भीष्म प्रतिज्ञा - पठन सामग्री और सार NCERT Class 7th Hindi बाल महाभारत कथा

पाठ सूची में वापिस जाएँ

अंबा और भीष्म - पठन सामग्री और सार NCERT Class 7th Hindi बाल महाभारत कथा

सार

सत्यवती के दो पुत्र हुए - चित्रागंद और विचित्रवीर्य। चित्रागंद की मृत्यु युद्ध में हो गयी। उनकी कोई संतान नहीं थी इसलिए विचित्रवीर्य हस्तिनापुर की शासक बने। चूँकि विचित्रवीर्य छोटे थे इसलिए उनके बालिग होने तक राज-काज भीष्म ने संभाला।

विचित्रवीर्य जब विवाह योग्य हुए तो भीष्म को उनके विवाह की चिंता हुई। जब उन्हें काशिराज के कन्याओं के स्वयंवर के बारे में पता चला तो वे उसमें शामिल होने काशी चल दिए। वहाँ देश-विदेश के अनेक राजकुमार स्वयंवर में भाग लेने आये हुए थे। भीष्म ने सभी को हराकर तीनों राजकन्याओं को अपने रथ बैठा लिया हस्तिनापुर की ओर चल दिए। सौभदेश का राजा साल्व ने भीष्म को रोकने का प्रयास किया जिस कारण दोनों में भयंकर युद्ध छिड़ गया जिसमें अंततः भीष्म की जीत हुई।

भीष्म कन्याओं को लेकर हस्तिनापुर पहुँचे जहाँ विवाह की सारी तैयारियाँ हो चुकी थी। जब कन्याओं को विवाह मण्डप में ले जाने का समय हुआ तो काशिराज की बड़ी बेटी अंबा ने बताया कि वे राजा साल्व को पहले ही अपना पति मान चुकी हैं। यह सुनकर भीष्म ने अंबा को शाल्व के पास भेज दिया। अंबा की दो बहनों का विवाह विचित्रवीर्य से हो गया।

जब अंबा साल्व के पास पहुँची तो उसने अंबा को पत्नी मानने से इनकार कर दिया क्योंकि वह भीष्म से युद्ध में हारकर अपमानित हो चूका है। उसने अंबा को भीष्म के पास लौट जाने को कहा। अंबा हस्तिनापुर लौट आई। विचित्रवीर्य अंबा से विवाह करने को तैयार नहीं हुए। अंबा ने भीष्म से कहा कि वह उनसे विवाह कर लें चूँकि वह उन्हें हर कर लायें हैं। भीष्म ने अंबा को अपने प्रतिज्ञा की याद दिलाई। भीष्म ने विचित्रवीर्य को अंबा से विवाह करने के लिए फिर मनाया परन्तु वे तैयार नहीं हुए। भीष्म ने अंबा को राजा साल्व के पास जाने को कहा परन्तु साल्व ने अंबा को फिर अस्वीकार कर दिया। अंबा छः वर्षों तक सौभदेश और हस्तिनापुर के बीच ठोकरें खाती रहीं। इन सब का कारण अंबा ने भीष्म को माना।

भीष्म ने बदला लेने के लिए वह कई राजाओं के पास गईं और भीष्म से युद्ध कर हारने का आग्रह किया परन्तु इसके लिए कोई तैयार नहीं हुआ। आखिर में अंबा तपस्वी ब्राह्मणों की सलाह पर अंबा परशुराम के पास गईं। अंबा की दुःखभरी कथा सुनकर परशुराम का हृदय पिघल गया और वह अंबा के प्रार्थना पर भीष्म से युद्ध के लिए तैयार हो गए। भीष्म और परशुराम,के बीच युद्ध कई दिनों तक चला परन्तु कोई नतीजा नहीं निकल सका। अंत में परशुराम ने अंबा को भीष्म के शरण में जाने को कह दिया। परन्तु अंबा हार मानने वालों में से नहीं थीं। उन्होंने वन जाकर कड़ी तपस्या की और तपोबल से स्त्रीरूप छोड़कर पुरुष में परिवर्तित हुईं और अपना नाम शिखंडी रख लिया।

जब महाभारत के युद्ध हुआ तो भीष्म से लड़ते समय अर्जुन के रथ पर आगे बैठा और अर्जुन उसके पीछे। भीष्म को अपने ज्ञान से ज्ञात हो गया कि शिखंडी अंबा ही है इसलिए उन्होंने उसपर बाण चलाना अपनी प्रतिष्ठा के विरुद्ध समझा। अर्जुन ने शिखंडी के पीछे से हमला कर भीष्म को परास्त किया और उन्हें भूमि पर गिराया तब जाकर अंबा का क्रोध शांत हुआ।

पाठ सूची में वापिस जाएँ

विदुर - पठन सामग्री और सार NCERT Class 7th Hindi बाल महाभारत कथा

सार

विचित्रवीर्य की रानी अंबालिका की दासी के पुत्र का नाम विदुर था। विदुर को धर्मशास्त्र तथा राजनीति का अधिक ज्ञान था। पितामह भीष्म ने उनके ज्ञान से प्रभावित होकर युवावस्था में ही उन्हें राजा धृतराष्ट्र का प्रधानमंत्री बना दिया।

जब धृतराष्ट्र ने दुर्योधन को जुआ खेलने की अनुमति दे दी तब विदुर ने उन्हें बताया कि जुआ खेलने से उनके बेटों में इसके कारण क्लेश बढ़ेगा। धृतराष्ट्र ने अपने पुत्र दुर्योधन से यह बात बताई और उसे जुआ खेलने से मना किया परन्तु वो इसके लिए तैयार नहीं हुआ। अंततः धृतराष्ट्र ने पुत्र-मोह में आकर आमन्त्रण भेज दिया।

विदुर ने युधिष्ठिर को भी जुए में जान से रोका परन्तु युधिष्ठिर ने भी मानने को तैयार ना हुए। उन्होंने कहा कि काका (धृतराष्ट्र) द्वारा भेजे निमंत्रण को वह नहीं ठुकरा सकते।

1 अंक के प्रश्न -

1. विदुर कौन थे?

उत्तर

विदुर विचित्रवीर्य की रानी अंबालिका की दासी के पुत्र थे।

2. विदुर को किस विषय में ज्ञान हासिल था?

उत्तर

विदुर को धर्मशास्त्र तथा राजनीति में ज्ञान हासिल था।

3. विदुर ने दोनों पक्षों को जुआ खेलने से मना क्यों किया?

उत्तर

विदुर ने दोनों पक्षों को जुआ खेलने से मना इसलिए किया क्योंकि उन्हें विश्वास था खेल राज्य के नाश का कारण बनेगा।

पाठ सूची में वापिस जाएँ

Study Materials and Revision Notes for Ch 10 Circle Class 10th Maths

Circle

• Circle: A circle is a locus of a point which moves in such a way that the distance from that point is always fixed.

• Radius: The constant distance from the centre to the circumference of the circle.

• Secant: A line which intersect the circle at two different points.

• Chord: Any line segment joining the two points on the circumference of the circle.

• Diameter: The longest distance between the two points on the circumference of the circle. It is the longest chord.

Here, AO is the radius of the circle and AB is the diameter of the circle.

• Tangent: A line which touches the circle exactly at one point.

• For cubic polynomial: If α,β and γ are zeroes of polynomial p(x) = ax³+ bx²+ cx + d then:
(i) α + β + γ = -b/a = (-coefficient of x²)/(coefficient of x³)
(ii) αβ + βγ + γα = c/a = (constant term of x)/(coefficient of x³)
(iii) α.β.γ = -d/a = (-constant term)/(coefficient of x³)
(iv) A cubic polynomial whose zeroes are α, β and γ, is given by:
p(x) = k[x³ - (α+β+γ)x² + (αβ+βγ+γα)x - αβγ] where k is any real number.

• Division Algorithm: If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials where g(x) ≠ 0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that:
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree r(x) < degree g(x).

Study Material of The Fun They Had (Summary, Character Sketch and Word Meanings)

Character Sketch

Margie

Margie is a little girl of 11 years, is living in 22nd century and has a habit of writing diary entry. She has a friend named Tommy who brings a book which is very old. She is taught by a mechanical teacher at her home. She hates school and her mechanical teacher. She is willing to know about old day’s schools and their teachers from Tommy.

Tommy

Tommy is about 13 year old who is Margie’s friend finds a book in his house. He brings it to Margie and tells her about old schools. He knows all about old schools and their teachers.

Mechanical Teacher

A robot that has black and ugly look. All the lessons are shown and the questions are asked on its big screen. It has a slot in which Margie has to put her homework in punching code.

County Inspector

A round little man with red face has a box of tools, dials and wires. He comes to set Margie’s television where the geography sector was gearing too little quickly.

Summary

Margie writes her diary

Margie even wrote about the book in her diary on the page headed 17 May 2157 that today Tommy found a real book. That book was very old. Margie’s grandfather once said that when he was a little boy his grandfather told him about a time when all stories were printed on paper. They turned the pages of the book. These were wrinkled and yellow. They found it strange as word also stood still. They did not move on the screen as they do now.

Telebooks

Tommy called it waste because after reading book, they threw it away. Their television screen have very big to have too many books. Margie also agreed with it although she had not seen many telebooks. Tommy was thirteen while Margie was eleven.

Reason of Margie’s hatred for school

Margie asked him where he had found that book .He replied that he found that in his house and it was about school. Margie always hated school but now she hated it more than ever as her mechanical teacher had been giving her test after test in geography and she had been doing worse and worse.

Margie’s mother sent for the county inspector

Margie’s mother sent her geography teacher to the county inspector who was a round little man. He had a red face and a box of tools, dials and wires. Margie had hoped he wouldn’t know how to put it together but he set the Margie’s television right .The part Margie hated most was the slot where she had to put homework and test papers. She always had to write them out in a punch code they made her learn when she was six years old, and the mechanical teacher calculated the marks in no time. The Inspector had smiled after he was finished and patted Margie’s head. He told her mother that it was not Margie’s fault but the geography sector of mechanical teacher was geared a little too quick and he had slowed that to, an average ten-year level.

Tommy tells Margie about old school

When Margie asked Tommy about old school he looked at her with very superior eyes. He told her that it was not their kind of school. That is the old kind of school that they had hundreds and hundreds of years ago.

Why Margie feels hurt?

Margie was hurt because she didn’t know about the old schools. When she read the books over Tommy’s shoulder then she said that they had a teacher anyway. Tommy replied that sure they had a teacher, but it wasn’t a regular teacher. It was a man.

Explanation about old schools and their students

In the old schools the teacher told the boys and girls things and gave homework and also asked them questions. Margie argued that a man couldn’t be smart enough but Tommy said that he knows almost as much. Tommy told that the teachers didn’t live in the house. They had a special building and all the kids went there. All the kids learned the same thing if they were the same age.

Margie’s school time

Margie went into the schoolroom. It was right next to her bedroom, and the mechanical teacher was on and waiting for her. It was always on at the same time every day except Saturday and Sunday, because her mother said little girls learned better if they learned at regular hour.

Margie’s thinking about old school

Margie put her homework in the slot with a sigh. She was thinking about the old schools they had when her grandfather’s grandfather was a little boy. All the kids from the whole neighborhood came, laughing and shouting in the schoolyard, sitting together in the schoolroom, she was thinking about the old schools they had when her grandfather’s grandfather was a little boy. All the kids from the whole neighborhood came, laughing and shouting in the schoolyard, sitting together in the schoolroom. Margie was thinking about how the kids must have loved it in the old days. She was thinking about the fun they had.

View NCERT Solutions of The Fun They Had

कुंती - पठन सामग्री और सार NCERT Class 7th Hindi बाल महाभारत कथा

सार

श्रीकृष्ण के पितामह शूरसेन यदुवंश के प्रसिद्ध राजा थे, जिनकी कन्या का नाम पृथा था। शूरसेन के फुफरे भाई कुंतिभोज की कोई संतान नहीं थी। शूरसेन ने अपने वचन अनुसार अपनी पहली संतान, पृथा को कुंतिभोज को गोद दे दिया। पृथा का नाम कुंती हो गया।

कुंती के बचपन में उनके घर ऋषि दुर्वासा आए। कुंती ने एक वर्ष तक उनकी बहुत सेवा की। ऋषि ने प्रसन्न होकर कुंती को वरदान दिया कि वह जिस देवता का ध्यान करेंगी, वह अपने ही समान तेजस्वी पुत्र प्रदान करेगा। कुंती ने सूर्य का ध्यान किया और उन्होंने सूर्य के समान तेजस्वी और सुंदर बालक को जन्म दिया जो जन्म से ही कवच और कुंडलों से शोभित था। यह बालक बाद में चलकर कर्ण के नाम से प्रसिद्द हुआ। कुंती ने लोकनिंदा के भय से बच्चे को एक पेटी में बन्द कर उसे गंगा के धारा में बहा दिया। अधिरथ नाम के एक सारथी ने उस पेटी को निकाला और चूँकि वह निःसंतान था इसलिए उस बच्चे को पालने लगा।

कुंती विवाह योग्य हो गयी। राजा कुंतिभोज ने विवाह के लिए स्वयंवर रचा जिसमें देश-विदेश के कई महराजाओं ने भाग लिया। हस्तिनापुर के महाराज पांडु ने भी हिस्सा लिया। कुंती ने वरमाला उन्हीं के गले में डाली। दोनों का विवाह हो गया। चूँकि उन दिनों राजवंशों में एक से ज्यादा विवाह का प्रचलन था इसलिए पितामह भीष्म की सलाह से महाराज पांडु ने मद्रराज की कन्या माद्री से भी विवाह किया।

एक दिन पांडु शिकार खेलने वन गए। उसी जंगल में एक ऋषि दम्पत्ति भी हिरण के रूप में भ्रमण कर रह थे। अज्ञानता के कारण पांडु ने हिरण बने ऋषि दम्पत्ति को अपने तीर से मार गिराया। ऋषि मरते-मरते पांडु को शाप दिया जिसके कारण वो कभी पिता नहीं बन सकते थे। ऋषि के शाप से पांडु को दुःख हुआ और उन्होंने राज्य का भार विदुर और भीष्म पितामह को सौंप कर, अपनी पत्नियाँ कुंती और माद्री के साथ वन में रहने लगे।

कुंती ने जब देखा कि महाराज पांडु को संतान की इच्छा है तो उन्होंने पांडु को दुर्वासा दिए वरदान के बारे में बताया। कुंती और माद्री ने देवताओं का ध्यान कर पाँचों पांडवों को जन्म दिया।

एक दिन वसंत ऋतू में पांडु माद्री के साथ वनविहार का आनंद ले रहे थे तभी शाप का असर हुआ और पांडु की मृत्यु हो गयी। माद्री ने अपने पति के मृत्यु का कारण खुद का समझा और पांडु के साथ वह भी मर गयी। इस घटना से कुंती और पांडवों को बहुत दुःख हुआ परन्तु ऋषियों के समझाने पर वे लोग भीष्म पितामह के शरण में हस्तिनापुर आ गए। उस समय युधिष्ठर की उम्र सोलह वर्ष थी।

सत्यवती ने जब अपने पोते की मृत्यु की खबर सुनी तो वे बहुत दुःखी हुईं और अपने दोनों पुत्रवधुओं के साथ वन चलीं गयीं और बाद में वहीं मृत्यु को प्राप्त हो गयीं।

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