Notes of Ch 1 Food Where does it come from? Class 6th Science

April 5, 2019, 5:57 am

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Revision Notes of Ch 1 Food Where does it come from? Class 6th Science

Topics in the chapter

What is food, Variety of food, ingredients of food
Use of food in our body
Sources of food
Classification of Animal- Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores

What is food, Variety of food, Ingredients of food?

→ Food is source of nutrition that living organisms eat, drink or absorb to maintain life and growth.

→ There are many different places where we buy food like markets, shop, supermarkets etc.

→ We eat different variety of foods like fish, rice, bread, vegetables meat etc.

Food ingredients

→ Ingredients are the materials used for making food item.

Examples: - The ingredient of rice is water and raw rice
The ingredient of dal is raw dal, spices and water

Use of food in our body

Food in our body is used for various reasons. They are:

(i) For energy
(ii) For work
(iii) For body function
(iv) For good health
(v) For wound healing.

Sources of the food

→ There are two main sources of food:
(a) Plants
(b) Animals

• There are many different types of foods that come from animals:
→ Eggs come from chicken.
→ Cows, goat and buffaloes are some common animals which gives us milk and milk products like butter, cream, cheese and curd.
→ Bacon come from a pig.
→ Honey is made by bees, Honey bee collects fruit juices (nectar) from flowers and stores in their hive.
→ Fish cakes are made from fish.

• There are many different types of foods that come from Plants:
→ Roots as food: - Carrot, Beetroot, Radish, Turnip, etc.
→ Stem as food: - Potato, Ginger, Sugarcane.
→ Leaves as food: - Spinach, Coriander, Cabbage, Onion etc.
→ Flowers as food: - Rose, Cauliflower, Bauhinia etc.
→ Fruits as food: - Apple, Banana, Tomato, Grapes etc.
→ Seeds as food: - Corn, Wheat, Maize, Pulses etc.

• Some plants have two or more edible parts: - mustard seeds give us oil and its leaves are also used as vegetable.

Classification of animal based on food they eat

Herbivores

→ Animals which eat only plants or plant products as their food are called as Herbivores.

→ Herbivores animals have sharp teeth for biting and cutting, and very strong teeth for grinding as plant food needs to be chewed a lot as it is very rich in a substance called cellulose.

→ Examples: Cow, goat, horse etc.

Carnivores

→ Animals which eat the flesh of other animals are called carnivores.

→ Most of the carnivorous animals have very sharp teeth for tearing out the flesh of its prey.

→ Examples: Lion, tiger, snake and lizard (it eats insects i.e., other animals)

Omnivores

→ Animals which eat both plants and animals are called omnivores.

→Examples: Dog, man.

↧

Notes of Ch 2 Components of Food Class 6th Science

April 6, 2019, 2:25 am

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Revision Notes of Ch 2 Components of Food Class 6th Science

Topics in the chapter

What are nutrients?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Fats
Roughage
Fibres
Balance Diet
Diseases caused due to the deficiency of various nutrients

What are Nutrients?

→ The food that we eat consists of different nutrients or components.

→ The components of food which are needed by our body is known as nutrient.

→ There are six main components present in food:
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and fibers.

→ These components fulfill the different needs of the body.

Carbohydrates

→ Carbohydrates are the compound which is made up of three elements:-
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

→ Carbohydrate provides energy to our body, which keeps it going throughout the day.

→ The main carbohydrates found in our food are in the form of sugars and starch. If food contains starch we can easily test it.

→ The sources of carbohydrates include cereals such as wheat, maize, rice, jawar, bajra, potatoes, bread etc.

→ We can test the presence of carbohydrates by iodine test.

Test for carbohydrates:

Step 1: Take the food item in the test tube and add 2-3 drops of dilute iodine solution to it.

Step 2: After some time if the colour changes to blue-black, it indicates the presence of starch in the food item.

Proteins

→ Proteins are the complex compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur.

→ The sources of proteins are: cheese, egg, soya bean, pulses, meat etc.

→ Protein is known as body-building food.

Test for proteins:

Step 1: Take food item in the test tube and Add 10 drops of water to it and mix well.

Step 2: Now add 2 drops of copper sulphate and ten drops of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) solution.

Step 3: Mix it well and keep it undisturbed for some time.

Step 3: After some time you observe the development of violet color in the test tube, it indicates the presence or the proteins.

Fat

→ Fat also provides energy to our body. Fat gives more energy as compared to carbohydrates.

→ Some sources of fat are oil, ghee, egg yolk, milk, butter etc.

Test for fats:

Step 1: Take some food item in a paper and wrap it.

Step 2: Then try to crush it taking care that the paper is not torn.

Step 3: After that take out the food item and allow the paper to be dried for some time.

Step 4: If you can find the oil spots on the paper it indicates the presence of fats in the food item.

Vitamins

→ Vitamins are a group of organic compound which is essential in small amounts for maintaining normal health and development.

→ Vitamins help in protecting our body against diseases. It helps in keeping our eyes, bones, teeth and gums healthy.

→ There are two types of vitamins some are fat soluble and some are water soluble.

→ Vitamins are of different types: - vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K.
→ There are some other vitamins known as vitamin B complex which contain vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, vitamin B₃, vitamin B₅, vitamin B₆, vitamin B₇, vitamin B₉ and vitamin B₁₂.

Minerals

→ Minerals perform important functions such as formation of bones, teeth and blood cell and also maintain the normal heartbeat.

Roughage

→ Roughage is also called dietary fibers.

→ It consist of indigestible plant carbohydrates called cellulose.

→ The source of Roughage is fresh fruits, whole grains and pulses.

Balance diet

→ Our diet should have all the required nutrients in right proportions this should also contain some water and dietary fibers this kind of diet is called as Balanced diet.

→ Balance diet is important for growth and maintenance of good health,

→ It can be very harmful for us to eat too much of fat rich foods and we may end up suffering from a condition called obesity.

Deficiency Diseases

→ Diseases that occur due to lack of nutrients over a long period are called as deficiency diseases.

→ If we do not take a particular nutrient over a long period of time, we suffer from its deficiency.

• Lack of iodine quantity in our body causes Goiter.
• Lack of calcium cause the deficiency bone and tooth decay
• Vitamin A deficiency cause loss of vision
• Vitamin D deficiency cause Rickets
• Lack of iron causes Anemia.

↧

पाठ 9 - टिकट अलबम Class 6th Extra Questions| वसंत भाग - I

April 6, 2019, 2:56 am

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Extra Questions of Chapter 9 टिकट अलबम Vasant Part I Class 6th

अर्थग्रहण सम्बन्धी प्रश्न -

(क) अब राजप्पा को कोई नहीं पूछता । आजकल सब-के-सब नागराजन को घेरे रहते। 'नागराजन घमंडी हो गया है', राजप्पा सारे लड़कों में कहता फिरता। पर लड़के भला कहाँ उसकी बातों पर ध्यान देते ! नागराजन के मामा जी ने सिंगापुर से एक अलबम भिजवाया था। वह लड़कों को दिखाया करता। सुबह पहली घंटी के बजने तक सभी लड़के नागराजन को घेरकर अलबम देखा करते। आधी छुट्टी | के वक्त भी उसके आसपास लड़कों का जमघट लगा रहता। कई लोग टोलियों में उसके घर तक हो आए। नागराजन शांतिपूर्वक सभी | को अपना अलबम दिखाता, पर किसी को हाथ नहीं लगाने देता। अलबम को गोद में रख लेता और एक-एक पन्ना पलटता, लड़के बस देखकर खुश होते।

1. नागराजन ने अलबम कहाँ से प्राप्त किया था ?

उत्तर

नागराजन को अलबम उसके मामा जी ने सिंगापुर से भेजा था।

2. नागराजन के विषय में राजप्पा क्या कहा करता था ?

उत्तर

नागराजन के विषय में राजप्पा कहा करता था कि वह घमंडी हो गया है।

3. नागराजन के मामा जी ने कहाँ से अलबम भिजवाया था ?

उत्तर

नागराजन के मामा जी ने सिंगापुर से अलबम भिजवाया था |

(ख) राजप्पा मन-ही-मन कुढ़ रहा था। स्कूल जाना अब खलने लगा था और लड़कों के सामने जाने में शर्म आने लगी। आमतौर पर शनिवार और रविवार को टिकट की खोज में लगा रहता, परंतु अब घर-घुसा हो गया था। दिन में कई बार अलबम को पलटता रहता । रात को लेट जाता। सहसा जाने क्या सोचकर उठता, ट्रॅक खोलकर अलबम निकालता और एक बार पूरा देख जाता। उसे अलबम से चिढ़ होने लगी थी। उसे लगा, अलबम वाकई कूड़ा हो गया है।

1. मन ही मन कौन कुढ़ रहा था ?

उत्तर

मन ही मन राजप्पा कुढ़ रहा था |

2. अपने अलबम से किसे चिढ़ हो रही थी ?

उत्तर

राजप्पा को अपने अलबम से चिढ़ हो रही थी |

3. राजप्पा शनिवार और रविवार को किसकी खोज में लगा रहता ?

उत्तर

राजप्पा शनिवार और रविवार को टिकट की खोज में लगा रहता |

लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न –

1. अब राजप्पा के अलबम को कोई न देखता था। ऐसा क्यों ?

उत्तर

क्योंकि नागराजन के मामा जी ने सिंगापुर से एक अलबम भिजवाया था उसमें कई देशों की टिकटें थीं और वह अधिक आकर्षक था। उसके अलबम को देखने के लिए लड़कों की भीड़ लगी रहती थी इसलिए राजप्पा के अलबम को कोई नहीं पूछता था।

2.. किस ने अलबम को छिपा दिया? क्यों ?

उत्तर

राजप्पा ने अलबम को छिपा दिया था। वह अलबम नागराजन की थी। राजप्पा उसे चुरा लाया था। सब की नज़रों से दूर रखने के लिए उसने अलबम को छिपा दिया था।

3. नागराजन की अलबम किस लड़की ने माँगी थी ? क्यों ?

उत्तर

नागराजन की अलबम लड़कियों में तेज़-तर्रार मानी जाने वाली पार्वती ने माँगी थी। लड़कियाँ उस अलबम को देखना चाहती थीं |

दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न –

1. अलबम छिपा देने के बाद राजप्पा की दशा कैसी हो गई ?

उत्तर

अलबम छिपा देने के बाद राजप्पा मन-ही-मन में डर रहा था। उसे डर था कि कहीं किसी को यह पता चल गया कि नागराजन की अलबम वह चुरा लाया था तो क्या होगा। इसी डर और मानसिक तनाव के कारण उसका शरीर जलने लगा था, गला सूखने लगा था और चेहरे पर तमतमाहट प्रकट होने लगी थी।

2. राजप्पा ने नागराजन का टिकट-अलबम अँगीठी में क्यों डाल दिया?

उत्तर

अलबम चुराने के बाद राजप्पा बहुत डर गया, डर के मारे उसका चेहरा भी लाल पड़ गया था। पुलिस ना पकड़ ले इसलिए जब उसने बाहर की सांकल खटकने की आवाज सुनी तो वह घबरा गया, वह अलबम को लेकर घर के पिछवाड़े को भागा। उसने उसे बाथरूम में रखी हुई जलती अँगीठी में डाल दिया।

3. राजप्पा अपने अलबम के लिए टिकट एकत्रित कैसे करता था ?

उत्तर

राजप्पा अपने अलबम के लिए टिकटें एकत्र करने के लिए खूब मेहनत करता था। वह अपने उन साथियों के पास जाता था जो टिकटें | एकत्र करते थे। उनसे दो ऑस्ट्रेलिया की टिकटों के बदले एक फिनलैंड और दो पाकिस्तान की टिकटों के बदले एक रूस का टिकट | ले लेता था। इसी प्रकार से कनाडा आदि देशों के टिकट भी वह एकत्र करता रहता था ।

NCERT Solutions of पाठ 9 - टिकट अलबम

टिकट अलबम Notes

↧

Notes of Ch 3 Fibre to Fabric Class 6th Science

April 6, 2019, 5:38 pm

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Revision Notes of Ch 3 Fibre to Fabric Class 6th Science

Topics in the chapter

What is fibre
Types of fibre
Variety of natural fibre
Fibres from plant sources
Fibres from animal sources
Spinning cotton yarn
Yarn to fabric
History of clothing material

Fibres

→ Fibre is a fine thread-like filament.

→ Fabric is made up of threads of yarns arranged together.

There are two types of fibre:
(i)Natural fibre
(ii)Synthetic fibre

Natural fibres

→ The fibre which are obtained from plants and animals is known as Natural fibre.
Examples: cotton, jute, silk and wool.

→ Cotton and jute are obtained from plants while wool and silk are obtained from animals.

→ Silk fibre is drawn from the cocoon of silkworm and wool is obtained from the fleece of sheep or goat, it is also obtained from the hair of rabbits, yak and camels.

Synthetic fibres

→ Fibres which is made by man from chemical substance is called synthetic fibres.
Examples: rayon, nylon, polyester etc.

Variety of Natural Fibre

→ Natural fibres are obtained from two sources. They are Plant fibre and Animal fibre.

Plant fibre

→ The fibre which are obtained from plant are known as Plant fibre.
Examples: Cotton, Jute etc.

• Cotton

→ The plants of cotton are usually grown at the places having black soil and warm climate.

→ Cotton grows in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Odisha etc.

→ The fruit of cotton is known as cotton bolls.

→ From the bolls, cotton is usually picked by hand.

→ Ginning is the process of separating cotton fibres from the seeds by combing. It was traditionally done by hands, now machines are available for ginning.

• Jute

→ Jute is used for making of bags and ropes mats etc.

→ Jute fibre is obtained from stem of the jute plant.

→ The cultivation of jute is in rainy season.

→ The cultivation of jute is in west Bengal, Bihar and Assam.

→ When the jute plant is in flowering stage the harvesting is take place.

→ The stems of the jute plant are immersed in water for a few days which then rot and fibres are separated by hand and this process is called stripping.

→ Then the stripped fibres are washed and dried in sun.

Animal fibre

•Wool

→ Wool cloth is spun from yarn made from the fibres of the thick fleece of sheep.

Processing of wool

→ The first step is shearing in which the fleece of the sheep along with thin layer of skin is removed from its body.

→ Then the damaged wool is separate from fleece this process is known as grading.

→ Then these wools are passes through a roller after washing and drying this process is called as carding.

→ In last step spinning is takes place in which fibres are gathered together and drawn into a long rope and then twisted to make yarn.

• Silk: Silk thread is obtained from the saliva of an insect called silkworm.

Spinning cotton yarn

→ Fabrics are made from yarns, which in turn are made from fibres.

→ The process of making yarn from raw fibrous materials is called spinning.

→ In this process, the fibres are twisted to make yarn.

→ Making fabric from yarn is done by two processes:
(i) Weaving: It is a process in which the two sets of yarn arranged together to make a fabric is called weaving. It is done by looms.
(ii) Knitting: The process by which a single yarn is used to make fabric. It is done by hand or by help of machines.

History of clothing material

→ Ancient people used the bark and big leaves of tree or animals skins or furs to cover themselves.

→ After settling in agriculture communities, they learnt to weave twigs and grass into mats and baskets.

→ Early Indians wore fabrics made out of cotton.

→ In ancient Egypt, cotton as well as flax was used for making fabrics.

→ After the invention of the sewing needle, people started stitching fabrics to make cloth.

↧

Notes of Ch 4 Sorting Materials into Groups Class 6th Science

April 9, 2019, 3:53 am

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Revision Notes of Ch 4 Sorting Materials into Groups Class 6th Science

Topics in the chapter

Object around us
Properties of material
Appearance
Solubility in water
Solute, solvent and solution
How are material grouped
What is shorting?
Grouping on the basis of similarity and differences
Advantage of classification

Object Around Us

→ Objects are made up of one or more materials.

→ One material can be used to make different type of objects.

→ It may be man-made or naturally occurring.

→ Material is a substance which is used to make different objects.

Properties of materials

→ Material occupy space.

→ Materials have mass.

• Material can be classified on the basis of physical state as:
(i) Solid
Examples: sand, steel and stone.

(ii) Liquid
Examples: oil, water and milk.

(iii)Gas
Examples: steam, nitrogen and oxygen.

General properties of material

Appearance

→ Lustrous (all metals are lustrous, some are more and some are less).

→ Non-lustrous (wood, rubber and piece of rock)

Hardness (Hard and soft)

→ Brittle (break into small pieces or become powdered when hammered. Eg: - glass and salt)

→ Malleable (spread into sheets when beaten. Metal are malleable

→ Ductile ( which can draw into thin and long wire)

Visibility

→ Transparent (Materials that allow the entire light pass through it, like glass, water etc.)

→ Translucent (Materials that allow some light to pass through it, like coloured glass, oiled paper.)

→ Opaque (The material which do not allow light to pass through it, like stone, wood etc.)

Electricity

→ Good conductor (Metals are good conductor ; electricity can pass through it)

→ Bad conductor (non-metals ; electricity can’t pass through it)

Heat

→ Good conductor (metals are good conductor)

→ Bad conductor (non-metals are bad conductor)

Materials may float and can sink in water

→ Material which sinks in water is denser than water

→ Material which floats on water is less dense than water.

Solubility of a substance in water

→ The substance like salt and sugar which disappear in water are called as soluble.

→ The substances which don’t disappear in water are known as insoluble in water.

Miscible and immiscible liquid

→ When two liquid mixed and they do not mixed well is known as immiscible.

→ The liquids which mix well with water are said to be miscible.

Solute, solvent and solution?

→ The substances which dissolve in water are called solute.

→ A solvent is a substance that dissolves the solute to make the solution.

→ The mixture of solute and solvent is called solution.

How are material grouped

• The materials which are similar in one or two ways can be put in one group.

→ Things made from wood.

→ Things made from fibre.

→ Things made from metal.

→ Things made from ceramic.

→ Things made from glass.

→ Things made from plastic.

→ Things made from rubber.

→ Things that are liquids such as oil.

Advantages of classification

→ Helps in identifications of objects.

→ Helps in sorting of objects.

→ Helps in locating things.

→ Makes study of different objects easy and more meaningful rather than studying each other separately.

→ Helps to understand similarities and dissimilarities among objects.

↧

Notes of Ch 5 Separation of Substances Class 6th Science

April 9, 2019, 10:42 pm

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Revision Notes of Ch 5 Separation of Substances Class 6th Science

Topics in the chapter

Separation of substances
Types of mixture
Separation of components of mixtures
Condensation
Can water dissolve any amount of a substance?

What is Separation?

• The removal of substances from a mixture of two or more substances is known as separation.

• Some examples of separation are:

→ Separating stones from rice
→ Churning milk to obtained butter

Why do we need to separate substances?

→ To obtained two different components
→ To remove impurities or harmful components
→ To group substances of different sizes

Separation of substances

• Pure substance: The substance which contain only one type of particles.
Examples: Water

• Impure substances: The substance which contain more than one kind of particle.
Examples: A plate of rice is mixed with some stones.

Separation of components of mixtures

• Mixture of solid with solid

(i) Hand picking

→ The component of a solid-solid mixture can be separated by hand picking.

→ It is used for separating large size impurities like stones and husk.

→ For example: separating grass from mint leaves, separating pebbles from dal.

(ii) Threshing

→ The process in which the stalks are beaten to free the grain seeds.

→ Threshing is done with the help of bullocks. For large quantity of grains machines are used for threshing.

→ This method is used by the farmers to separate the grains from the stalks after harvesting.

(iii) Winnowing

→ It is process which is used to separate heavier and lighter components of a mixture by wind or by blowing air.

→ This method is used by farmers to separate lighter husk particles from heavier seeds of grain.

(iv) Sieving

→ It is a process in which a components of a mixture with different size can be separated by sieve.

→ The smaller particles remove out through the pore of sieve and the larger particle is left behind it.

→ This method is used to separate wheat bran (the bigger particles) from flour.

(v) Sublimation

→ The process in which the solid changes directly into gaseous state on heating is called sublimation.

Mixtures of solids with liquids

(i) Evaporation

→ It is a process which is used when we want to get back a substance that has been dissolved. In this process liquid changes into gaseous form on heating.

→ Example: Getting salt out of salty water.

(ii) Crystallization

→ It is a process which separates a pure solid in the form of crystals from a saturated solution.

Separation of solids that do not dissolve in liquids

(i) Sedimentation: The process of separation of 2 components in such a way that the heavier substance settles down.

(ii) Decantation: separation of 2 components which do not mix together.
Example: Water and oil.

(iii) Filtration: The process in which separation of solid from liquid by the filter paper or strainer.
Example: separating mud from water by using filter paper.

• Condensation: It is a process by which a substance changes from the gas phase to liquid phase.

Can water dissolve any amount of a substance?

→ Water dissolves different amounts of soluble substances in it.

→ A saturated solution is one which cannot dissolve more of that substance.

→ To dissolves more of a substance in a solution we have to heating it.

↧

Notes of Ch 6 Separation of Substances Class 6th Science

April 11, 2019, 11:29 pm

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Revision Notes of Ch 5 Separation of Substances Class 6th Science

Topics in the chapter

Introduction
Common changes taking place in nature
Types of changes
Cause of change

Introduction

→ Changes can occur everywhere at any time.

→ Change is a continuous process.

→ Some changes are reversed and some cannot be reversed.

→ Change may occur by heating a substance or by mixing it with some other substance.

Common changes taking place in nature

→ Change in position, sun rise and set.

→ Change in colour, sky at day and at night time.

→ Change in shape, shape of moon.

→ Change in size, a germinate seed.

→ Change in temperature, hot summer and cold winter.

→ Change in state or form, water on cooling and heating.

→ Rusting of iron.

Types of changes

• Reversible changes
• Irreversible changes
• Chemical changes
• Physical changes
• Expansion And Contraction

Reversible changes

→ It is an effect on substance in which substance get returned to its original state.

→ The change only alters the physical state of the substance that means there is no new substance is formed.

→ Examples: melting of ice, water turning into vapour, inflation of balloon etc.

Irreversible change

→ In this process, the changes cannot be reversed are called irreversible changes.

→ In irreversible changes new material being produced, which may or may not be useful.

→ Examples: Ripening of fruits is an irreversible change because it is not possible to get back the raw fruits from ripened or mature ones.

→ Blooming of flowers is an irreversible change because flowers cannot change back into buds.

Physical changes

→ In this changes, there is no new substance is formed.

→ It is reversible

→ Examples: melting of wax, Melting of ice, crushing can etc.

Chemical change

→ In this change there is a new substance is formed after the change.

→ It cannot be reversed by simple physical means.

→ Examples: rusting of iron, burning of candle etc.

Expansion and Contraction

→ Some materials expand on heating and some material contract on cooling.

→ The amount of expansion differs in solids, liquids, Physical change and gases.

→ Gases material expands the most while solids material expands the least.

→ Solids material contract the least while gases material contract the most.

Causes of change

Force

→ It can bring changes in certain thing. It can change motion, shape and size of objects by push or pull.

→ Examples
(i) When a potter applies force on a lump of soil, it gives shape to the lump.
(ii) When a goldsmith hammers a piece of gold, he makes intricate designs on it.

Temperature

→ This brings changes by causing increase or decrease in temperature.

→ Examples
(i) When ice is kept on room temperature, it melts and turns into water.
(ii) When a candle begins burning, its wax start melts because of higher temperature.

↧

पाठ 9 - टिकट अलबम Class 6th Extra Questions| वसंत भाग - I

April 12, 2019, 1:37 pm

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Extra Questions of Chapter 9 टिकट अलबम Vasant Part I Class 6th

अर्थग्रहण सम्बन्धी प्रश्न -

लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न –

1. अब राजप्पा के अलबम को कोई न देखता था। ऐसा क्यों ?

उत्तर

2.. किस ने अलबम को छिपा दिया? क्यों ?

उत्तर

3. नागराजन की अलबम किस लड़की ने माँगी थी ? क्यों ?

उत्तर

दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न –

1. अलबम छिपा देने के बाद राजप्पा की दशा कैसी हो गई ?

उत्तर

2. राजप्पा ने नागराजन का टिकट-अलबम अँगीठी में क्यों डाल दिया?

उत्तर

3. राजप्पा अपने अलबम के लिए टिकट एकत्रित कैसे करता था ?

उत्तर

NCERT Solutions of पाठ 9 - टिकट अलबम

टिकट अलबम Notes

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पाठ 9 - जो देखकर भी नहीं देखते Class 6th Extra Questions| वसंत भाग - I

April 12, 2019, 7:44 pm

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Chapter 9 जो देखकर भी नहीं देखते Class 6th Extra Questions Vasant

अर्थग्रहण सम्बन्धी प्रश्न -

(क) कभी-कभी मैं अपने मित्रों की परीक्षा लेती हैं, यह परखने के लिए कि वह क्या देखते हैं। हाल ही में मेरी एक प्रिय मित्र जंगल की सैर करने के बाद वापस लौटीं। मैंने उनसे पूछा, "आपने क्या-क्या देखा?" कुछ खास तो नहीं,' उनका जवाब था। मुझे बहुत अचरज नहीं हुआ क्योंकि मैं अब इस तरह के उत्तरों की आदी हो चुकी हैं। मेरा विश्वास है कि जिन लोगों की आँखें होती हैं, वे बहुत कम देखते हैं।

1. कौन किसकी कभी-कभी परीक्षा लेती थी?

उत्तर

लेखिका अपने मित्रों की कभी कभी परीक्षा लेती थी |

2. वह क्या परखने के लिए परीक्षा लेती थी?

उत्तर

वह यह परखने के लिए परीक्षा लेती थी कि उनके मित्र क्या देखते हैं |

3. लेखिका को किस बात का विश्वास था?

उत्तर

लेखिका को इस बात का विश्वास था कि जिन लोगों की होती है ,वे कम देखते हैं|

लघु उत्तरीय प्रश्न –

1. लेखिका को क्या विश्वास हो गया था?

उत्तर

लेखिका को विश्वास हो गया था कि जिन लोगों की आँखें होती हैं, वे देखकर भी नहीं देखते। वे वस्तुओं की सुंदरता को अनदेखा कर देते हैं।

2. लेखिका किसे अनुभव करती है ? और उन्हें कौन सी चीज कालीन से भी अधिक प्रिय है?

उत्तर

लेखिका पक्षियों के गीत को अनुभव करती है और उन्हें घास का मैदान कालीन से भी अधिक प्रिय है |

3. बदलता मौसम लेखिका को कैसी खुशियाँ दे जाता था?

उत्तर

बदलता मौसम लेखिका के जीवन में नया रंग भर देता था और ढेरों खुशियाँ दे जाता था।

दीर्घ उत्तरीय प्रश्न -

1. लेखिका का मन कब मुग्ध हो जाता?

उत्तर

लेखिका का मन हर वस्तु को देखने के लिए बेचैन हो जाता है। उसे उन चीजों को जिन्हें छूने भर से उसे खुशी होती है यदि वह उन्हें देख सकती तो उसका मन मुग्ध हो जाता।

2. लेखिका यह क्यों मानती है कि जिन लोगों की आँखें हैं वह सचमुच बहुत कम देखते हैं?

उत्तर

लेखिका नेत्रहीन थी। पर वह जानती थी कि इस दुनिया में बहुत सी सुंदर चीजें हैं। अनेक लोग आँख होते हुए भी उनकी ओर बहुत कम देखते हैं। उनके मन में प्रकृति की विभिन्न चीजों की सुंदरता को देखने में रुचि ही नहीं होती। उनमें अपनी क्षमताओं के प्रति कद्र नहीं है। वे उन वस्तुओं को पाना चाहते हैं जो उनके पास नहीं हैं।

NCERT Solutions of पाठ 9 जो देखकर भी नहीं देखते

पाठ 9 जो देखकर भी नहीं देखते Notes

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CBSE Class 9 English Language and Literature Syllabus 2019-20

April 13, 2019, 8:57 am

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Latest Class 9 English Language and Literature Syllabus 2019-20

CBSE has released the Class 9 English Language and Literature Syllabus 2019-20. From this session, CBSE has removed the Communicative course completely. In the class 9th, CBSE has removed the communicative course and only Language and Literature course is there.

There is no major change has been made in the syllabus and the pattern and it is same as the previous year. In Board examination, the entire syllabus will come. The Board examination will be of 80 marks, with a duration of three hours.

The Question paper contains three sections:

Section		Total Weightage
A	Reading Skills	20
B	Writing Skills with Grammar	30
C	Literature Textbook and Supplementary Reading Text	30
	TOTAL	80

Section A Reading: 20 Marks

• Question 1: A Factual passage (300-350 words) (Eight Objective Type Questions) : 8 Marks
• Question 2: A Discursive passage (300-350 words) (Four Objective Type Questions) : 12 Marks

Section B Writing and Grammar: 30 Marks

For writing tasks there will be internal choice. 30 Marks

• Question 3: An Article/ Descriptive Paragraph (person/ place/ event/diary entry) in about 100-150 words (based on MCB): 8 Marks
• Question 4: Short story based on clues in about 150-200 words: 10 Marks
• Question 5: Gap filling with one or two words to test Prepositions, Articles, Conjunctions and
Tenses: 4 Marks
• Question 6: Editing or Omission: 4 Marks
• Question 7: Sentences Reordering or Sentence Transformation: 4 Marks

Section C Literature Textbook and Extended Reading Text: 30 Marks

• Question 8: One out of two extracts from prose/poetry/play (Four VSAQs): 4 Marks
• Question 9: Four SAQs from the Beehive and Moments: 2 ✖ 5 = 10 Marks
• Question 10: One out of two long answer type questions from the Beehive and Moments: 8 Marks
• Question 11: One out of two Long Answer Questions from the book Moments on theme or plot
involving interpretation, extrapolation beyond the text and inference or character
sketch in about 100-150 words.: 8 Marks

Prescribed Books:

• Beehive – Textbook for class IX

• Moments – Supplementary Reader for Class IX
• Words and Expressions-I, Workbook

Download Class 9 English Language and Literature Syllabus 2019-20

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CBSE Class 9 Hindi Course A Syllabus 2019-20

April 14, 2019, 2:05 am

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Latest Class 9 Hindi Course A Syllabus 2019-20

CBSE has released the Class 9 Hindi Course A Syllabus. There is no major change has been made in the syllabus and the pattern and it is same as the previous year. In Board examination, the entire syllabus will come. The Board examination will be of 80 marks, with a duration of three hours.

प्रश्न पत्र को चार खंडों में बाँटा गया है
(क) खंड 'क' - पठन कौशल - 15 अंक
(ख) खंड 'ख' - व्याकरण - 15 अंक
(ग) खंड 'ग' - पाठ्यपुस्तक से प्रश्न - 30 अंक
(घ) खंड 'घ' - लेखन - 20 अंक

खंड 'क' - पठन कौशल - 15 अंक

1. अपठित गद्यांश - (100 से 150 शब्दों के) (1×2=2) (2×3=6) - 8 अंक
2. अपठित काव्यांश - (100 से 150 शब्दों के) (1×3=3) (2×2=4) - 7 अंक

खंड 'ख' - व्याकरण - 15 अंक

1. शब्द निर्माण - 7 अंक
• उपसर्ग - 2 अंक
• प्रत्यय - 2 अंक
• समास - 3 अंक
2. अर्थ की दृष्टि से वाक्य भेद - 4 अंक
3. अलंकार - 4 अंक
(शब्दालंकार: अनुप्रास, यमक, श्लेष) (अर्थालंकार: उपमा, रूपक, उत्प्रेक्षा, अतिशयोक्ति, मानवीकरण)

खंड 'ग' - पाठ्यपुस्तक से प्रश्न - 25 अंक

(अ) गद्य खंड
1. पाठ्यपुस्तक क्षितिज के गद्य पाठों के आधार पर बोध प्रश्न - 5 अंक (2+2+1)
2. पाठ्यपुस्तक क्षितिज के गद्य पाठों के आधार पर उच्च चिंतन व मनन क्षमताओं करने हेतु प्रश्न - 8 अंक (2✖4) (विकल्प सहित)

(ब) काव्य खंड
1. पाठ्यपुस्तक क्षितिज के काव्य पाठों की सोच को परख करने के लिए काव्यांश के आधार पर प्रश्न - 5 अंक (2+2+1)
2.पाठ्यपुस्तक क्षितिज के कविताओं के आधार पर बोध प्रश्न - 8 अंक (2✖4) (विकल्प सहित)

(स) पूरक पाठ्यपुस्तक कृतिका भाग - 2
1. कृतिका पाठों से एक मूल्यपरक प्रश्न - 4 अंक

खंड 'घ' - लेखन - 25 अंक

1. संकेत बिंदुओं पर आधारित विषयों पर 200 से 250 शब्दों में निबंध - 10 अंक
2. औपचारिक तथा अनौपचारिक विषय पर पत्र - 5 अंक
3. किसी एक विषय पर संवाद लेखन - 5 अंक

निर्धारित पुस्तकें:

• क्षितिज भाग - 1
• कृतिका भाग - 1

निम्नलिखित पाठों से प्रश्न नहीं पूछें जाएंगे-

क्षितिज भाग - 1
• उपभोक्तावाद की संस्कृति
• एक कुत्ता और मैना
• साखियाँ व सबद पाठ से सबद - 2 संतों भाई आई...
• ग्राम श्री

कृतिका भाग - 1
• इस जल प्रलय में
• किस तरह आखिरकार मैं हिंदी में आया

CBSE Class 9 Hindi Course A Syllabus 2019-20

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CBSE Class 9 Hindi Course B Syllabus 2019-20

April 14, 2019, 2:34 am

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Latest Class 9 Hindi Course B Syllabus 2019-20

CBSE has released the Class 9 Hindi Course B Syllabus 2019-20. There is no major change has been made in the syllabus and the pattern and it is same as the previous year. In Board examination, the entire syllabus will come. The Board examination will be of 80 marks, with a duration of three hours.

प्रश्न पत्र को चार खंडों में बाँटा गया है
(क) खंड 'क' - पठन कौशल - 15 अंक
(ख) खंड 'ख' - व्याकरण - 15 अंक
(ग) खंड 'ग' - पाठ्यपुस्तक से प्रश्न - 25 अंक
(घ) खंड 'घ' - लेखन - 25 अंक

खंड 'क' - पठन कौशल - 15 अंक

1. अपठित गद्यांश - (200 से 250 शब्दों के) - 9 अंक
2. अपठित काव्यांश - (100 से 150 शब्दों के) - 6 अंक

खंड 'ख' - व्याकरण - 15 अंक

1. वर्ण विच्छेद - 2 अंक
2. अनुस्वार (1 अंक), अनुनासिक (1 अंक) - 2 अंक
3. नुक्ता - 1 अंक
4. उपसर्ग-प्रत्यय - 3 अंक
5. संधि - 4 अंक
6. विराम-चिह्न - 3 अंक

खंड 'ग' - पाठ्यपुस्तक से प्रश्न - 25 अंक

(अ) गद्य खंड
1. पाठ्यपुस्तक स्पर्श के गद्य पाठों के आधार पर लघु प्रश्न - 5 अंक
2. पाठ्यपुस्तक स्पर्श के गद्य पाठों के आधार पर एक निबंधात्मक प्रश्न (विकल्प सहित) - 5 अंक

(ब) काव्य खंड
1. पाठ्यपुस्तक स्पर्श के काव्य पाठों के आधार पर लघु प्रश्न - 5 अंक
2. पाठ्यपुस्तक स्पर्श के कविताओं आधार पर एक निबंधात्मक प्रश्न (विकल्प सहित) - 5 अंक

(स) पूरक पाठ्यपुस्तक संचयन भाग - 1
1. ‘संचयन' के निर्धारित पाठों से दो प्रश्न जिसमें से एक प्रश्न जिसमें से एक प्रश्न (विकल्प सहित) 3 अंक का होगा और दूसरा प्रश्न 2 अंक का होगा। - 5 अंक

खंड 'घ' - लेखन - 25 अंक

1. संकेत बिंदुओं पर आधारित विषयों पर 80 से 100 शब्दों में अनुच्छेद (विकल्प सहित)- 5 अंक
2. एक अनौपचारिक विषय पर पत्र (विकल्प सहित)- 5 अंक
3. 20-30 शब्दों में चित्र वर्णन (विकल्प सहित) - 5 अंक
4. 50 शब्दों में संवाद लेखन (विकल्प सहित) - 5 अंक
5. 25-50 शब्दों में विज्ञापन लेखन (विकल्प सहित) - 5 अंक

निर्धारित पुस्तकें:

• स्पर्श भाग - 1
• संचयन भाग - 1

निम्नलिखित पाठों से प्रश्न नहीं पूछें जाएंगे-

क्षितिज भाग - 1
• धूल
• वैज्ञानिक चेतना के वाहक चंद्रशेखर वेंकट रामन्
• गीत-अगीत

कृतिका भाग - 1
• कल्लू कुम्हार की उनाकोटी
• मेरा छोटा से निजी पुस्तकालय

Syllabus for Class 9 Hindi Course B 2019-20

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CBSE Class 9 Math Syllabus 2019-20

April 14, 2019, 2:33 am

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Latest Class 9 Math Syllabus 2019-20

CBSE has released the Class 9 Math Syllabus 2019-20. There is no major change has been made in the syllabus and the pattern and it is same as the previous year. In Board examination, the entire syllabus will come. The Board examination will be of 80 marks, with a duration of three hours.

Units	Unit Name	Marks
I	Number Systems	08
II	Algebra	17
III	Coordinate Geometry	04
IV	Geometry	28
V	Mensuration	13
VI	Probability	10
	Total	80

Unit - I - Number Systems

• Real Numbers

Unit - II - Algebra

• Polynomials
• Pair of Linear Equations in two variables
• Quadratic Equations
• Arithmetic Progressions

Unit - III - Coordinate Geometry

• Lines

Unit - IV - Geometry

• Triangles
• Circles
• Constructions

Unit - V - Trigonometry

• Introduction to Trigonometry
• Trigonometric Identities
• Heights and Distances

Unit - VI - Mensuration

• Areas related to Circles
• Surfaces, Areas and Volumes

Unit - VII - Statistics & Probability

• Statistics
• Probability

Prescribed Books:

• NCERT Maths Textbook - Class IX
• Laboratory Manual - Mathematics, secondary stage - NCERT Publication
• Mathematics Exemplar problems for class IX, NCERT publication

Syllabus for Class 9 Math 2019-20

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CBSE Class 9 Science Syllabus 2019-20

April 14, 2019, 2:41 am

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Latest Class 9 Science Syllabus 2019-20

CBSE has released the syllabus for Class 9 Science. There is no major change has been made in the syllabus and the pattern and it is same as the previous year. In Board examination, the entire syllabus will come. The Board examination will be of 80 marks, with a duration of three hours.

The Question paper will consist of 27 questions. All questions would be compulsory. However, an internal choice will be provided in two questions of 3 marks each and one question of five marks.

Unit No.	Unit	Marks
I	Matter - Its Nature and Behaviour	23
II	Organisation in the Living World	20
III	Motion, Force and Work	27
IV	Our Environment	06
V	Food; Food Production	04
	Internal Assessment	20
	TOTAL	80

Unit - I - Matter - Its Nature and Behaviour

• Matter in Our Surroundings
• Is Mattern Around Us Pure
• Atoms and Molecules
• Structure of the Atom

Unit - II - Organisation in the Living World

• The Fundamental Unit of Life
• Tissues
• Diversity in Living Organisms
• Why do we Fall Ill

Unit - III - Motion, Force and Work

• Motion
• Force and laws of Motion
• Gravitation
• Work and Energy
• Sound

Unit - IV - Our Environment

• Natural Resources

Unit - V - Food Production

• Improvement in Food Resources

Prescribed Books:

• NCERT Science Class 9th Textbook
• Laboratory Manual - Science - Class IX, NCERT Publication
• Exemplar Problems Class IX - NCERT Publication

Syllabus for Class 9 Science 2019-20

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CBSE Class 9 Social Science Syllabus 2019-20

April 14, 2019, 3:12 am

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Latest CBSE Class 9 Social Science Syllabus 2019-20

CBSE has released Class 9 Social Science Syllabus 2019-20. There is no major change has been made in the syllabus and the pattern and it is same as the previous year. In Board examination, the entire syllabus will come. The Board examination will be of 80 marks, with a duration of three hours.

Units		Marks
I	India and the Contemporary World - I	20
II	Contemporary India - I	20
III	Democratic Politics I	20
IV	Economics	20
	Total	80

Unit - I - India and the Contemporary World - I

• The French Revolution
• Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

• Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

• Forest Society and Colonialism

• Pastoralists in the Modern World

Unit - II - Contemporary India - I

• India - Size and Location

• Physical Features of India

• Drainage

• Climate

• Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

• Population

Unit - III - Democratic Politics - I

• What is Democracy? Why Democracy?

• Constitutional Design

• Electoral Politics
• Working of Institutions

• Democratic Rights

Unit - IV- Economics

• The Story of Village Palampur

• People as Resource

• Poverty as a Challenge
• Food Security in India

Note:
• Use latest 2019 reprinted edition of NCERT Textbook
• List of Map Items are given in the Syllabus.

Prescribed Books:

• India and the Contemporary World - I History - Published by NCERT

• Contemporary India - I Geography - Published by NCERT
• Democratic Politics - I Published by NCERT
• Economics - Published by NCERT
• Together, Towards a Safer India - Part II, a textbook on Disaster Management for Class IX - Published by CBSE

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CBSE Class 9 Computer Applications Syllabus 2019-20

April 14, 2019, 3:58 am

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Latest CBSE Class 9 Computer Applications Syllabus 2019-20

CBSE has released Class 9 Computer Applications Syllabus 2019-20. There is no major change has been made in the syllabus and the pattern and it is same as the previous year. In Board examination, the entire syllabus will come.

The theory paper will be of 30 Marks and Practical will be of 70 Marks.

No.	Description	Theory
1	Basics of Information and Technology	5
2	Cyber Safety	10
3	Office Tools	5
4	Scratch/Python	10
5	Lab Exercises	70
	Total	100

Lab Exercises

• Basic I/O devices: use the mouse and keyboard, draw a figure.
• Working with the operating system: Navigation of the file system using a mouse and keyboard, and then doing the same with shell commands.
• Word processing: create a text document, create a letter, report, and greeting card.
• Create a text document with figures in it. It should describe a concept taught in another course.
• Discuss the following in a text document about the basic organisation of a computer: CPU, memory, input/output devices, hard disk.
• Create a text document in an Indian language other than English.
• Create a presentation.
• Create a presentation with animation.
• Create and edit existing images, and then include them in a presentation.
• Animate pictures and text with sound effects in a presentation
• Create a simple spreadsheet and perform the following operations: min, max, sum, and average.
• Create different types of charts using a spreadsheet: line, bar, and pie.
• Send an email to your friends. Attach some documents that you have prepared earlier. Put some friend in the CC and BCC list. Interact with friends to find out who was in the BCC list.
• Do an online chat with multiple friends. Transmit documents using the chat platform.
• Create a video and upload it on YouTube.
• Write basic Scratch/Python programs.

Syllabus for Class 9 Computer Applications 2019-20

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Notes of Ch 5 Separation of Substances Class 6th Science

April 17, 2019, 11:36 pm

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Revision Notes of Ch 5 Separation of Substances Class 6th Science

Topics in the chapter

Separation of substances
Types of mixture
Separation of components of mixtures
Condensation
Can water dissolve any amount of a substance?

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Notes of Ch 6 Changes Around Us Class 6th Science

April 17, 2019, 11:38 pm

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Revision Notes of Ch 6 Changes Around Us Class 6th Science

Topics in the chapter

Introduction
Common changes taking place in nature
Types of changes
Cause of change

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Notes of Ch 7 Getting to Know Plants Class 6th Science

April 18, 2019, 2:58 am

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Revision Notes of Ch 7 Getting to know Plants Class 6th Science

Topics in the chapter

From where does a plant come?
Classification of plants on the growth habit
Classification on the basis of life cycle
Parts of plants and their functions

From where does a plant come?

→ A plant comes from a seed.

→ This seed is covered with seed coats, which protect the seed.

→ This seed contain a baby plant inside, it has a tiny root towards the outer side.

→ The tiny root is termed as radicle.

→ It also has a tiny shoot towards the inner side.

→ The tiny shoot is termed as plumule.

Classification of plants on the growth habit

→ The plants are classified in five types based on growth habit:
(i) Herbs
(ii) Shrubs
(iii) Trees
(iv) Climbers
(v) Creepers

(i) Herbs

→ Have soft, green and weak stems. Usually its height is short and may not have many branches. It is used for food, flavouring, medicine or perfume.

→ Examples: rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, mint, etc.

(ii) Shrubs

→ They are bushy and have hard stems which do not bend easily. These plants have their stem branching out near the base.

→ Examples: lemon, China rose, jasmine, etc.

(iii) Trees

→ These are big plants which have strong and long stem. Live for many years.

Examples: mango, neem, banyan, coconut, etc.

(iv) Climbers

→ Plant that take support on neighbouring structures and climb up are called climbers. It has weak stems and cannot stand erect.

→ Examples: pea, grapes etc.

(v) Creepers

→ Plants which creep on the ground and spread out is called creepers. It has weak stems that cannot stand upright. Example: pumpkin and watermelon.

Classification of Plants on the basis of life cycle

→ The Plants are classified in three types on the basis of life cycle:
(i) Annuals
(ii) Biennials
(iii) Perennials

(i)Annuals: Plants whose life cycle is completed in one season. Examples: wheat and mustard.

(ii)Biennials: Plants whose life cycle requires two seasons for completion. Example: carrot, radish and potato.

(iii)Perennials: Plants whose life cycle runs for more than two seasons. Example: guava, babul and palm trees.

Parts of plants and their function

→ Plants are divided in 3 types based on their functions:
(i) Root System
(ii) Shoot System
(iii) Flowers

(i) Root system

→ The underground part of a plant is called root.

Types of root system:

(a) Tap root system

→ Primary root comes out from the seed after germination. It is also called true roots.

(b) Fibrous root system

→ These roots grow from the base of the stem have a bushy appearance. Fibrous roots are thin and almost equal in size.

Functions of roots

→ Help to anchor the plant firmly into the ground.

→ Root help plants to absorb water and nutrients from soil.

(ii) Shoot system

→ All parts of a plant that are above the ground form the shoot system.

Types of shoot system:

(a)Stem

→ It holds leaves in position and helps them to spread out as the stem and its branches grow.

→ It bears flowers, buds, leaves, and fruits.

(b)Leaf

→ A leaf is a flat and green structure on a plant, coming out from a node on the stem and always bearing a bud in its axil.

→ Parts of leaf are:
• Petiole
• Leaf lamina
• Veins

(iii) Flowers

→ A flower is the reproductive organ of a plant.

→ Flower gets developed into fruits and the fruits contain seeds with them for next generation.

Parts of flowers:

(i) Pedicle: Stalk of the flower through which the flower is joined to the branch.

(ii) Sepal: Small green leaf-like structure on the thalamus.

(iii) Petals: Petals attract the insects and help in the process of reproduction.

(iv) Stamens: These are male organs of the flower. It consists of two parts:
(a) Anther
(b)Filament

(v) Carpel: It is female organ of the flower. It consists of three parts:
(a) Style
(b) Stigma
(c) Ovary

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Notes of Ch 8 Body Movements Class 6th Science

April 19, 2019, 11:19 am

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Revision Notes of Ch 8 Body Movements Class 6th Science

Topics in the chapter

What is locomotion?
Parts of human skeleton
Types of joints in human body
Bones and their various shape and functions
Cartilage
Muscles
Gait of animals:- earthworm, snail, cockroach, birds, fishes and snakes.

What is Locomotion?

→ Locomotion is movement of the entire body from one place to another.

→ Locomotion forms a framework that gives shape and support to the body.

→ The human body consists of 206 bones.

→ Bones protect internal organs.

Parts of Human Skeleton

→ The bones present in our body form a framework this frame work is called Skeleton.

→ The human skeleton has two parts:

(i) The axial skeleton system: It includes the skull, vertebral column and the chest bones or the rib-cage.

(ii) Appendicular skeleton system: It includes hip girdles and shoulder and the limbs.

Types of joints in Human Body

Different types of Joints
(i) Ball and socket joints
(ii) Pivotal joints
(iii) Hinge joints
(iv) Fixed joints

(i) Ball and socket joints

→ It is a type of joint in which ball shape surface of one bone fitted into the hollow space of another bone known as socket.

(ii) Pivotal Joints

→ Pivotal joints allow for flexibility, extension, rotation and twisting.

(iii) Hinge Joint

→ It is found between two or more than two bones where we need back and forth movement.

(iv) Fixed Joint

→ It does not move in any direction.

Bones

→ Skeletal structure is composed of hard material which is made up of calcium called bone
Various shape and functions of bones

→ The number of small bones on the back side these small bones combine called as backbone, which is helpful in bending front and back.

→ Bones which joins the chest and the backbone is called ribs

→ If you will touch just below your stomach area you will find the presence of pelvic bone.

→ The skull is the most hard and tough bone of our body which protects our brain from any mechanical injuries.

Cartilage

→ It is softer and more flexible than bone. Cartilage is found between the joints of knee and hips.

Muscles

→ Muscles are attached to the bones and it is responsible for the movement of human body.

→ There is change in the length of muscle due to contraction and relaxation.

Gait(Locomotion) of Animals

Locomotion of Earthworm

→ Earth worms commonly found in soil, it do not have bones. Their body is segmented, forms rings all over.

Locomotion of Snail

→ Snails commonly found on land or in soil.

→ It possesses wavy movement with muscular contraction.

→ Snail has hard shell on its back but it is not made up of bone and not helpful in locomotion.

Locomotion of Cockroach:

→ Cockroach is an insect and is a terrestrial animal mostly a common household pet.

→ The body is divided into three parts—head, thorax, and abdomen.

→ 3 pair of legs is present in thoracic part which moves by the muscles present near its limbs (legs).

→ The body is covered with the outer hard exoskeleton.

→ It uses breast muscles for the movement of wings due to which they can fly.

Birds

→ Birds were egg laying animal with feathers, wings and beak.

→ Fore limbs of birds were modified into wings due to which these can fly.

→ Hind limbs are legs due to which they can jump, walk or swim as can be seen in ducks.

→ The skeleton of birds is hollow to reduce weight and the breastbone muscle use to move the wings up and down.

Fishes

→ Fishes found in oceans, rivers, lakes, aquarium etc.

→ Fishes has well-arranged skeleton covered with strong muscles.

→ This movement is helped by the fins present on tail and also the fins presents on body helps to balance the body while swimming.

Snakes

→ Snakes live on ground, water, on trees. These were legless reptile.

→ During its movement snakes creates curves in many loops which pushes them to the forward direction, they moves very fast but not in straight-line the motion created by snakes is called serpentine motion.

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