NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: पाठ - 11 पोंगल (निबंध) हिंदी

April 16, 2016, 3:43 pm

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NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: पाठ - 11 पोंगल (निबंध) हिंदी दूर्वा भाग - II

पृष्ठ संख्या: 64

अभ्यास

पाठ से

क. पोंगल का त्योहार अलग-अलग राज्यों में अलग-अलग नामों से मनाया जाता है। पाठ के आधार पर तालिका भरो। 

क्र. स.	राज्य	त्योहार का नाम

उत्तर

क्र. स.	राज्य	त्योहार का नाम
1.	पंजाब	लोहड़ी
2.	उत्तर प्रदेश	खिचड़ी
3.	गुजरात	उत्तरायण
4.	असम	माघ-बिहू
5.	राजस्थान	संक्रांति

ख. पोंगल चार दिनों तक मनाया जाता है। प्रत्येक दिन के मुख्य क्रिया-कलाप बताओ।

उत्तर

• पहली पोंगल को भोगी पोंगल कहते हैं जो भगवान इंद्र को समर्पित है। इस दिन संध्या के समय लोग अपने घरों से पुराने वस्त्र और कूडे़ को इकठ्ठा कर के आग में जलाते हैं।

• दूसरीपोंगल को सूर्य पोंगल कहते हैं। इस दिन पोंगल नामक एक विशेष प्रकार की खीर बनाई जाती है जो मिट्टी के बर्तन में नये धान से तैयार चावल मूंग दाल और गुड से बनती है। पोंगल तैयार होने के बाद सूर्य देव की विशेष पूजा की जाती है और उन्हें प्रसाद रूप में यह पोंगल व गन्ना अर्पण किया जाता है और फसल देने के लिए कृतज्ञता व्यक्त की जाती है।

• तीसरे पोंगल को मट्टू पोंगल कहा जाता है। इस दिन किसान अपने बैलों को स्नान कराते हैं, उन्‍हें सजाते हैं तथा उनकी पूजा करते हैं।

• चौथे पोंगल को तिरूवल्लूर के नाम से पुकारा जाता है। इस दिन घर को आम के तथा नारिल के पत्तों से सजाया जाता है। घर के मुख्य द्वार पर रंगोली बनाई जाती है। साथ ही लोग नये कपडे़ पहनते हैं और दोस्तों तथा रिश्तेदारों के यहां मिठाई और पोंगल बना कर भेजते हैं।

3. भारत एक कृषि प्रधान देश है। इस बात को सिद्ध करने के लिए दो उदाहरण दो।

उत्तर

भारत एक कृषि प्रधान देश है। पहला उदाहरण कि देश की 51 प्रतिशत जमीन पर कृषि होती है। दूसरा कि भारत की 70 प्रतिशत आबादी किसान है।

2. तुम्हारी पसंद

तुम्हारे प्रदेश में कौन-कौन से त्योहार मनाए जाते हैं? तुम्हें कौन-सा त्योहार सबसे अच्छा लगता है?

उत्तर

मेरे शहर दिल्ली में अनेक त्योहार मनाए जाते हैं जैसे होली, दशहरा, दिवाली, ईद, क्रिसमस आदि। मुझे दिवाली का त्योहार सबसे अच्छा लगता है। इस त्योहार में पहले घर की साफ-सफाई की जाती है। लोग अपने लिए नए कपड़े, बर्तन, गहने आदि खरीदते हैं। रिश्तेदारों तथा मित्रों में मिष्ठान का आदान-प्रदान होता है। घर के प्रवेश द्वार पर रंगीन आकार बनाए जाते हैं जो बहुत खूबसूरत लगते हैं। शाम से ही सारा शहर रोशनी से नहा जाता है। लोग आतिशबाजियाँ करते हैं। कुल मिलाकर यह त्योहार बड़ा ही रोमांचक होता है।

3. खेती-बाड़ी

पाठ में खेती से जुड़े अनेक शब्द आये हैं। तुम खेती या बागवानी से जुड़े कुछ औजारों के नाम बताओ। 

उत्तर

• हल - फसलों की जुताई के लिए।

• हँसिया - घास तथा फसल काटने में।

• खुर्पा - घास- पात को काटने और भूमि को गाड़ने में।

• फावड़ा - खेतों की क्यारियों को सही करने के लिए।

• कुदाल - जमीन को खोदने के लिए।

4. रंगोली

क. पोंगल के दिन घर आँगन को रंगोली से सजाते हैं। रंगोली बनाने के लिए किन-किन चीज़ों का प्रयोग किया जाता है?

उत्तर

रंग-बिरंगे चॉक, बालू, फूल, दीपक, बुरादे आदि।

5. नीचे दी गई जगह में रंगोली का डिज़ायन बनाओ।

उत्तर

पृष्ठ संख्या: 65

6. खाना-पीना

पाठ में ऐसी अनेक चीज़ों के नाम आए हैं जिन्हें खाने-पीने के लिए प्रयोग में लाया जाता है। बताओ, इनका प्रयोग किन पकवानों में होता है?

क. चावल

► पुलाव, इडली, बिरयानी, उपमा

ख. हल्दी

► सब्जी, दाल

ग. गुड़

► खीर, मिठाई, तिलकुट

घ. मक्का

► रोटी, पॉपकॉर्न, सूप 

ड़. गन्ना

► चीनी, खीर

च. दूध

► खीर, सेवई, गुलाबजामुन, पनीर

छ. तिल

► तिलकुट, मिठाई

पाठ में वापिस जाएँ

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11th: Ch 8 Thinking Psychology

April 19, 2016, 4:52 pm

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11th: Ch 8 Thinking Psychology 

Page No: 167

Review Questions

1. Explain the nature of thinking.

Answer

Thinking is the base of all cognitive activities or processes and is unique to human beings.  It involves manipulation and analysis of information received from the environment. Such manipulation and analysis occur by means of abstracting, reasoning, imagining, problem solving, judging, and decision- making. Thinking is mostly organised and goal directed.  One desires to reach the goal by planning, recalling the steps that one has already followed in the past if the task is familiar or inferring strategies if the task is new. Thinking is an internal mental process, which can be inferred from overt behaviour.

2. What is a concept? Explain the role of concept in the thinking process.

Answer

A concept is a mental representation of a category. It refers to a class of objects, ideas or events that share common properties.
Role of concept in the thinking process: Concept formation helps us in organising our knowledge so that whenever we need to access our knowledge, we can do it with less time and effort. For making our thought process quick and efficient, we form concepts and categorise objects and events Concepts usually fall into hierarchies or levels of understanding. The levels are classified as super ordinate (the highest level), basic (an intermediate level), and subordinate (the lowest level). While speaking us mostly use basic level concepts. Children also learn basic level concepts first and then the other levels.
Most of the concepts people use in thinking is neither clear nor unambiguous. They are fuzzy. They overlap one another and are often poorly defined. For example, under which category would you put a small stool? Would you put it under the category of ‘chair’ or under the category of ‘table’? The answer to these questions is that we construct a model or prototype. A prototype is the best representative member of the category. Eleanor Rosch argues that in considering how people think about concepts, prototypes are often involved in real life. In prototype matching, people decide whether an item is a member of a category by comparing it with the most typical item(s) of the category. Therefore, in the above example of the stool, you would try to compare it with a   standard study chair (if you consider it as the typical example of a chair) and a small study table (if you consider it as the typical example of a table) and then match the properties of the stool with these two concepts. If it matches with a chair you would put it under the category of chair otherwise under the category of table.

3. Identify obstacles that one may encounter in problem solving.

Answer

Two major obstacles to solving a problem are mental set and lack of motivation.
Mental Set
Mental set is a tendency of a person to solve problems by following already tried mental operations or steps.
Lack of Motivation:
Lack of motivation is another obstacle to solving problems. Sometimes people give up easily when they encounter a problem or failure in implementing the first step. Therefore, there is a need to persist in their effort to find a solution.

4. How does reasoning help in solving problems?

Answer

Reasoning is the process of gathering and analysing information to arrive at conclusions. In this sense, reasoning is also a form of problem solving. Reasoning, like problem solving, is goal directed, involves inference and can be either deductive or inductive Thus deductive reasoning begins with making a general assumption that you know or believe to be true or then drawing specific conclusion based on this assumption. In other words, it is reasoning from general to particular. Here general assumption is that people run on the railway platform only when they are getting late for the train. The man is running on the platform. Therefore, he is getting late for the train. One mistake that you are making (and generally people do commit such mistakes in deductive reasoning) is that you (they) assume but do not always know if the basic statement or assumption is true. If the base information is not true, i.e. people also run on the platform for other reasons then your conclusion would be invalid or wrong. 

5. Are judgment and decision-making interrelated processes? Explain.

Answer

Judgment and decision- making are interrelated processes. In decision- making the problem before us is to choose among alternatives by evaluating the cost and benefit associated with each alternative. For example, when you have the option to choose between psychology and economics as subjects in Class XI, your decision would be based upon your interest, future prospects, availability of books, efficiency of teachers, etc. You could evaluate them by talking to seniors and faculty members and attending a few classes, etc. Decision-making differs from other types of problem solving. In decision- making we already know the various solutions or choices and one has to be selected. Suppose your friend is a very good player of badminton. S/he is getting an opportunity to play at the state level. At the same time the final examination is approaching and s/he needs to study hard for it. S/he will have to choose between two options, practising for badminton or studying for the final examination. In this situation her/his decision will be based upon evaluation of all possible outcomes.
It can observe that people differ in their priorities and therefore their decisions will differ. 
In real life situations we take quick decisions and therefore, it is not possible always to evaluate every situation thoroughly and exhaustively.

6. Why is divergent thinking important in creative thinking process?

Answer

Divergent thinking is important in creative thinking process .It’s abilities facilitate generation of a variety of ideas which may not seem to be related. Divergent thinking abilities generally include fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. Fluency is the ability to produce many ideas for a given task or a problem. The more ideas a person produce, the higher his fluency ability. Flexibility indicates variety in thinking. It may be thinking of different uses of an object, or different interpretation of a picture, story or different ways of solving a problem. Originality is the ability to produce ideas that are rare or unusual by seeing new relationships, combining old ideas with new ones, looking at things from different perspectives etc. Elaboration is the ability that enables a person to go into details and workout implications of new ideas.

7. What are the various barriers to creative thinking?

Answer

Divergent thinking is important in creative thinking process .It’s abilities facilitate generation of a variety of ideas which may not seem to be related. Divergent thinking abilities generally include fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. Fluency is the ability to produce many ideas for a given task or a problem. The more ideas a person produce, the higher his fluency ability. Flexibility indicates variety in thinking. It may be thinking of different uses of an object, or different interpretation of a picture, story or different ways of solving a problem. Originality is the ability to produce ideas that are rare or unusual by seeing new relationships, combining old ideas with new ones, looking at things from different perspectives etc. Elaboration is the abiDifferent barriers to create thinking are as follows:
Habitual learning is necessary for smooth and efficient functioning within the daily routine, the tendency to be overpowered by habits particularly in one’s ways of thinking can be detrimental to creative expression. We become so used to thinking and perceiving things in a familiar way that it becomes difficult to think in novel ways. It may be related to our tendency to quickly jump to conclusions, not to see problems from fresh perspectives, be satisfied with routine patterns of doing things, or resist to overcome pre- conceived viewpoints, and not to change immediate judgment, etc.
The perceptual blocks prevent us from being open to novel and original ideas.
 Motivational and emotional blocks also interfere with creative thinking which shows that creative thinking is not merely a cognitive process. Lack of motivation, fear of failure, fear of being different, fear of ridicule or rejection, poor self-concept, negativism, etc. May hamper creative thinking. For example, some people may not be motivated enough to extend themselves and make extra efforts. A person may find that s/he cannot do it further, may leave the problem in between or may accept the intermediate idea as the final idea. Further, some people, for example, have negative assumptions about themselves. They feel that they are not capable of doing some tasks. You may be surprised to know that Thomas Alva Edison, the inventor of the bulb, took years of experimentation with hundreds of failures before he produced the first bulb.
 Cultural barriers are related to excessive adherence to traditions, expectations, conformity pressures, and stereotypes. Conformity to some extent is essential for social existence but excessive conformity to traditions, rituals, and procedures are likely to block creative thinking. Cultural blocks arise due to the fear of being different, the tendency to maintain status quo, willingness to accept mediocrity, preservation of personal security, social pressure, over dependence on others, etc.
lity that enables a person to go into details and workout implications of new ideas.

8. How can creative thinking be enhanced?

Answer

There are many strategies which help in enhancing creative thinking. These are as follows
• Becoming more aware and sensitive to be able to notice and respond to feelings, sights, sounds, textures around you. Spot problems, missing information, anomalies, gaps, deficiencies, and so on. Try to notice contradictions and incompleteness in situations that others may not do. For this, cultivate the habit of wider reading, exposure to a variety of information, and develop the art of asking questions, pondering over the mysteries of situations and objects.
• Generating as many ideas, responses, solutions or suggestions on a given task or situation to increase your flow of thoughts. Try deliberately to look for multiple angles of a task and situation to increase flexibility in your thinking. It could be, for example, thinking of alternative arrangements of furniture in a room to generate more space, different ways of conversing with people, looking for costs and benefits of a course of study or career, looking for ways of dealing with an angry friend, helping others, etc.
• Osborn’s Brainstorming technique can be used to increase fluency and flexibility of ideas to open-ended situations. Brainstorming is based on the principle that producing ideas should be kept separate from the evaluation of their worth. The basic assumption is to let the minds think freely and the tendency to put judgment on the worth of ideas may be postponed, i.e. imagination should be given priority over judgment till all the ideas are exhausted. This helps in increasing the fluency of ideas and piling up alternatives. Brainstorming can be practised by playing brainstorming games with family members and friends keeping its principles in mind. Use of checklists and questions often provide a new twist for ideas like, what other changes? What else? In how many ways could it be done? What could be the other uses of this object? And so on.
• Originality can be developed by practicing fluency, flexibility, habit of associative thinking, exploring linkages, and fusing distinct or remote ideas. A creative thinker, it is said, may not evolve new ideas but evolve new combination of ideas. It is the chain of thoughts and cross-fertilisation of ideas that may bring out something new. The idea of the ‘rocking chair’ has come from the combination of ‘chair’ and ‘see- saw’. Practice making unusual and unexpected associations using analogies. Sometimes finding original ideas/solutions requires a dramatic shift of focus which can be facilitated by asking oneself: what is the opposite of the commonplace or usual solution to the problem? Allow conflicting thoughts to co-exist. Looking for solutions opposite to the obvious may lead to original solutions.
• Engaging yourself more frequently in activities which require use of imagination and original thinking rather than routine work according to your interest and hobbies. It may be decorating the house, improvising or redesigning of old objects, making use of waste products in multiple ways, completing incomplete ideas in unique ways, giving new twist to stories or poems, developing riddles, puzzles, solving mysteries and so on.
• Never accepting the first idea or solution. Many ideas die because we reject them thinking that the idea might be a silly idea. You have to first generate a number of possible ideas or solutions, then select the best from among them.
• Getting a feedback on the solutions you decide on from others who are less personally involved in the task.
• Trying to think of what solutions someone else may offer for your problems.
• Giving your ideas the chance to incubate. Allowing time for incubation between production of ideas and the stage of evaluation of ideas may bring in the ‘Aha!’ experience.

9. Does thinking take place without language? Discuss.

Answer

Thinking cannot take place without language. Benjamin Lee Whorf was of the view that language determines the contents of thought. This view is known as linguistic relativity hypothesis. In its strong version, this hypothesis holds what and how individuals can possibly think is determined by the and linguistic categories they use (linguistic determinism). Experimental evidence, however, maintains that it is possible to have the same level or quality of thoughts in all languages depending upon the availability of linguistic categories and structures. Some thoughts may be easier in one language compared to another.

10. How is language acquired in human beings?

Answer

It has been accepted by the most psychologist that both nature and nurture are important in language acquisition.
Behaviourist B.F. Skinner believed we learn language the same way as animals learn to pick keys or press bars. Language development, for the behaviourists follow the learning principles, such as association (the sight of bottle with the word ‘bottle’), imitation (adults use of word “bottle”), and reinforcement.
There is also evidence that children produce sounds that are appropriate to a language of the parent or care-giver and are reinforced for having done so. The principle of shaping leads to successive approximation of the desired responses so that the child eventually speaks as well as the adult. Regional differences in pronunciation and phrasing illustrate how different patterns are reinforced in different areas.
Linguist Noam Chomsky put forth the innate proposition of development of language. For him the rate at which children acquire words and grammar without being taught cannot be explained only by learning principles. Children also create all sorts of sentences they have never heard and, therefore, could not be imitating. Children throughout the world seem to have a critical period — a period when learning must occur if it is to occur successfully — for learning language. Children across the world also go through the same stages of language development. Chomsky believes language development is just like physical maturation- given adequate care, it “just happens to the child”. Children are born with “universal grammar”. They readily learn the grammar of whatever language they hear. Skinner’s emphasis on learning explains why infants acquire the language they hear and how they add new words to their vocabularies. Chomsky’s emphasis on our built-in readiness to learn grammar helps explain why children acquire language so readily without direct teaching.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Maths Part-I

April 20, 2016, 4:56 pm

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NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Maths Part-I

Page No: 23

Exercise 2.1

Solve the following equations.
(1) x – 2 = 7           (2) y + 3 = 10         (3) 6 = z + 2
(4) 3/7 + x = 17/7        (5) 6x = 12        (6) t/5 = 10
(7) 2x/3 = 18         (8) 1.6 = y/1.5        (9) 7x – 9 = 16
(10) 14y – 8 = 13        (11) 17 + 6p = 9         (12) x/3 + 1 = 7/15

Answer

(1) x - 2 = 7
⇒ x = 7 + 2
⇒ x = 9

(2)  y + 3 = 10
⇒ y = 10 - 3
⇒ y = 7

(3) 6 = z + 2
⇒ z + 2 = 6
⇒ z = 6 - 2
⇒ z = 4

(4) 3/7 + x = 17/7
⇒ x = 17/7 - 3/7
⇒ x = (17 - 3)/7
⇒ x = 14/7
⇒ x = 2

(5) 6x = 12
⇒ x = 12/6
⇒ x = 2

(6) t/5 = 10
⇒ t = 10 × 5
⇒ t = 50

(7) 2x/3 = 18
⇒ 2x = 18 × 3
⇒ x = 54/2
⇒ x = 27

(8) 1.6 = y/1.5
⇒ y/1.5 = 1.6
⇒ y = 1.6 × 1.5
⇒ y = 2.4

(9) 7x – 9 = 16
⇒ 7x = 16 + 9
⇒ x = 25/7

(10) 14y – 8 = 13
⇒ 14y = 13 + 8
⇒ 14y = 21
⇒ y = 21/14
⇒ y = 3/2

(11) 17 + 6p = 9
⇒ 6p = 9 - 17
⇒ 6p = -8
⇒ p = -8/6
⇒ p = -4/3

(12) x/3 + 1 = 7/15
⇒ x/3 = 7/15 - 1
⇒ x/3 = 7/15 - 15/15
⇒ x/3 = (7-15)/15
⇒ x/3 = -8/15
⇒ x = -8/15 × 3
⇒ x = -8/5

Page No: 28

Exercise 2.2

1. If you subtract 1/2 from a number and multiply the result by 1/2, you get  1/8. What is the number?

Answer

Let the number be x.
A/q,
(x - 1/2) × 1/2 = 1/8
⇒ x/2 - 1/4 = 1/8
⇒ x/2 = 1/8 + 1/4
⇒ x/2 = 1/8 + 2/8
⇒ x/2 = (1+2)/8
⇒ x = 3/8 × 2
⇒ x = 6/8 = 3/4

2. The perimeter of a rectangular swimming pool is 154 m. Its length is 2 m more than twice its breadth. What are the length and the breadth of the pool?

Answer

Given,
Perimeter of rectangular swimming pool = 154 m
Let the breadth of rectangle be x.
A/q,
Length of the rectangle = 2x + 2
Perimeter = 2(length + breadth)
⇒ 2(2x + 2 + x) = 154 m
⇒ 2(3x + 2) = 154
⇒ 3x + 2 = 154/2
⇒ 3x = 77 - 2
⇒ x = 75/3
⇒ x = 25 m
Thus,
Breadth = x = 25 m
Length = 2x + 2 = 50 + 2 = 52 m

3. The base of an isosceles triangle is 4/3 cm. The perimeter of the triangle is 62/15 cm. What is the length of either of the remaining equal sides?

Answer

Base of isosceles triangle = 4/3 cm
Perimeter of triangle = 62/15 cm
Let the length of equal sides of triangle be x.
A/q,
4/3 + x + x = 62/15 cm
⇒ 2x = (62/15 - 4/3) cm
⇒ 2x = (62 - 20)/15 cm
⇒ 2x = 42/15 cm
⇒ x = 42/15 × 1/2
⇒ x = 42/30 cm
⇒ x =7/5 cm
The length of either of the remaining equal sides are 7/5 cm.

4. Sum of two numbers is 95. If one exceeds the other by 15, find the numbers.

Answer

Let the one of the number be x.
Then, other number will be x + 15
A/q,
x + x + 15 = 95
⇒ 2x + 15 = 95
⇒ 2x = 80
⇒ x = 40
First number = x = 40
Other number = x + 15 = 40 + 15 = 55

5. Two numbers are in the ratio 5:3. If they differ by 18, what are the numbers?

Answer

Let the two numbers be 5x and 3x.
A/q,
5x - 3x = 18
⇒ 2x = 18
⇒ x = 9
Thus, the numbers are 5x = 45 and 3x = 27.

6. Three consecutive integers add up to 51. What are these integers?

Answer

Let the three consecutive integers are x, x+1 and x+2.
A/q,
x + (x+1) + (x+2) = 51
⇒ 3x + 3 = 51
⇒ 3x = 51 - 3
⇒ 3x = 48
⇒ x = 16
Thus, the integers are x = 16, x+1 = 17 and x+2 = 18

7. The sum of three consecutive multiples of 8 is 888. Find the multiples.

Answer

Let the three consecutive multiples of 8 are 8x, 8(x+1) and 8(x+2).
A/q,
8x + 8(x+1) + 8(x+2) = 888
⇒ 8 (x + x+1 + x+2) = 888    (Taking 8 as common)
⇒ 8 (3x + 3) = 888
⇒ 3x + 3 = 888/8
⇒ 3x + 3 = 111
⇒ 3x = 108
⇒ x = 36
Thus, the three consecutive multiples of 8 are 8x = 8 × 36 = 288,
8(x+1) = 8 × (36+1) = 8 × 37 = 296 and
8(x+2) = 8 × (36+2) = 8 × 38 = 304

8. Three consecutive integers are such that when they are taken in increasing order and multiplied by 2, 3 and 4 respectively, they add up to 74. Find these numbers.

Answer

Let the three consecutive integers are x, x+1 and x+2.
A/q,
2x + 3(x+1) + 4(x+2) = 74
⇒ 2x + 3x +3 + 4x + 8 = 74
⇒ 9x + 11 = 74
⇒ 9x = 74 - 11
⇒ x = 63/9
⇒ x = 7
Thus, the numbers are x = 7, x+1 = 8 and x+2 = 9

9. The ages of Rahul and Haroon are in the ratio 5:7. Four years later the sum of their ages will be 56 years. What are their present ages?

Answer

Let the ages of Rahul and Haroon be 5x and 7x.
Four years later their age will be (5x + 4) and (7x + 4) respectively.
A/q,
(5x + 4) + (7x + 4) = 56
⇒ 5x + 4 + 7x + 4 = 56
⇒ 12x + 8 = 56
⇒ 12x = 56 - 8
⇒ x = 48/12
⇒ x = 4
Present age of Rahul = 5x = 5×4 = 20
Present age of Haroon = 7x = 7×4 = 28

10. The number of boys and girls in a class are in the ratio 7:5. The number of boys is 8 more than the number of girls. What is the total class strength?

Answer

Let the number of boys be 7x and girls be 5x.
A/q,
7x = 5x + 8
⇒ 7x - 5x = 8
⇒ 2x = 8
⇒ x = 4
Number of boys = 7×4 = 28
Number of girls = 5×4 = 20

11. Baichung’s father is 26 years younger than Baichung’s grandfather and 29 years older than Baichung. The sum of the ages of all the three is 135 years. What is the age of each one of them?

Answer

Let the age of Baichung’s father be x.
Therefor, Age of Baichung’s grandfather = (x+26)
and, Age of Baichung = (x-29)
A/q,
x + (x+26) + (x-29) = 135
⇒ 3x + 26 - 29 = 135
⇒ 3x = 135 + 3
⇒ 3x = 138
⇒ x = 138/3
⇒ x = 46
Age of Baichung’s father = x = 46
Age of Baichung’s grandfather = (x+26) = 46 + 26 = 72
Age of Baichung = (x-29) = 46 - 29 = 17

12. Fifteen years from now Ravi’s age will be four times his present age. What is Ravi’s present age?

Answer

Let the present age of Ravi be x.
Fifteen years later, Ravi age will be x+15 years.
A/q,
x + 15 = 4x
⇒ 4x - x = 15
⇒ 3x = 15
⇒ x = 5
Present age of Ravi = 5 years.

13. A rational number is such that when you multiply it by 5/2 and add 2/3 to the product, you get -7/12. What is the number?

Answer

Let the rational be x.
A/q,
x × (5/2) + 2/3 = -7/12
⇒ 5x/2 + 2/3 = -7/12
⇒ 5x/2 = -7/12 - 2/3
⇒ 5x/2 = (-7 - 8)/12
⇒ 5x/2 = -15/12
⇒ 5x/2 = -5/4
⇒ x = (-5/4) × 2/5
⇒ x = -10/20
⇒ x = -1/2
Thus, the rational number is -1/2

14. Lakshmi is a cashier in a bank. She has currency notes of denominations ₹100, ₹50 and ₹10, respectively. The ratio of the number of these notes is 2:3:5. The total cash with Lakshmi is ₹4,00,000. How many notes of each denomination does she have?

Answer

Let the numbers of notes of  ₹100, ₹50 and ₹10 be 2x, 3x and 5x respectively.
Value of ₹100 = 2x × 100 = 200x
Value of ₹50 = 3x × 50 = 150x
Value of ₹10 = 5x × 10 = 50x
A/q,
200x + 150x + 50x = 4,00,000
⇒ 400x = 4,00,000
⇒ x = 4,00,000/400
⇒ x = 1000
Numbers of ₹100 notes = 2x = 2000
Numbers of ₹50 notes = 3x = 3000
Numbers of ₹10 notes = 5x = 5000

15. I have a total of ₹300 in coins of denomination ₹1, ₹2 and ₹5. The number of ₹2 coins is 3 times the number of ₹5 coins. The total number of coins is 160. How many coins of each denomination are with me?

Answer

Let the number of ₹5 coins be x.
Therefor, number ₹2 coins = 3x
and, number of ₹1 coins = (160 - 4x)
Now,
Value of ₹5 coins = x × 5 = 5x
Value of ₹2 coins = 3x × 2 = 6x
Value of ₹1 coins = (160 - 4x) × 1 = (160 - 4x)
A/q,
5x + 6x + (160 - 4x) = 300
⇒ 11x + 160 - 4x = 300
⇒ 7x = 140
⇒ x = 140/7
⇒ x = 20
Number of ₹5 coins = x = 20
Number of ₹2 coins = 3x = 60
Number of ₹1 coins = (160 - 4x) = 160 - 80 = 80

16. The organisers of an essay competition decide that a winner in the competition gets a prize of ₹100 and a participant who does not win gets a prize of ₹25. The total prize money distributed is ₹3,000. Find the number of winners, if the total number of participants is 63.

Answer

Let the numbers of winner be x.
Therefor, number of participant didn't win = 63 - x
Total money given to the winner = x × 100 = 100x
Total money given to participant didn't win = 25×(63-x)
A/q,
100x + 25×(63-x) = 3,000
⇒ 100x + 1575 - 25x = 3,000
⇒ 75x = 3,000 - 1575
⇒ 75x = 1425
⇒ x = 1425/75
⇒ x = 19
Thus, the numbers of winners are 19.

Page No: 30

Exercise 2.3

Solve the following equations and check your results.
(1) 3x = 2x + 18           (2) 5t – 3 = 3t – 5          (3) 5x + 9 = 5 + 3x
(4) 4z + 3 = 6 + 2z        (5) 2x – 1 = 14 – x       (6) 8x + 4 = 3 (x – 1) + 7
(7) x = 4/5(x + 10)           (8) 2x/3 + 1 = 7x/15 + 3
(9) 2y + 5/3 = 26/3 - y           (10)  3m = 5 m – 8/5

Answer

(1) 3x = 2x + 18
⇒ 3x - 2x = 18
⇒ x = 18
Putting the value of x in RHS and LHS we get,
3 × 18 = (2 × 18)+18
⇒ 54 = 54
⇒ LHS = RHS

(2) 5t – 3 = 3t – 5
⇒ 5t - 3t = -5 + 3
⇒ 2t = -2
⇒ t = -1
Putting the value of t in RHS and LHS we get,
5×(-1) - 3 = 3×(-1) - 5
⇒ -5 - 3 = -3 - 5
⇒ -8 = -8
⇒ LHS = RHS

(3) 5x + 9 = 5 + 3x
⇒ 5x - 3x = 5 - 9
⇒ 2x = -4
⇒ x = -2
Putting the value of x in RHS and LHS we get,
5×(-2) + 9 = 5 + 3×(-2)
⇒ -10 + 9 = 5 + (-6)
⇒ -1 = -1
⇒ LHS = RHS

(4) 4z + 3 = 6 + 2z
⇒ 4z - 2z = 6 - 3
⇒ 2z = 3
⇒ z = 3/2
Putting the value of z in RHS and LHS we get,
(4 × 3/2) + 3 = 6 + (2 × 3/2)
⇒ 6 + 3 = 6 + 3
⇒ 9 = 9
⇒ LHS = RHS

(5) 2x – 1 = 14 – x
⇒ 2x + x = 14 + 1
⇒ 3x = 15
⇒ x = 5
Putting the value of x in RHS and LHS we get,
(2×5) - 1 = 14 - 5
⇒ 10 - 1 = 9
⇒ 9 = 9
⇒ LHS = RHS

(6) 8x + 4 = 3 (x – 1) + 7
⇒ 8x + 4 = 3x – 3 + 7
⇒ 8x + 4 = 3x + 4
⇒ 8x - 3x = 4 - 4
⇒ 5x = 0
⇒ x = 0
Putting the value of x in RHS and LHS we get,
(8×0) + 4 = 3 (0 – 1) + 7
⇒ 0 + 4 = 0 - 3 + 7
⇒ 4 = 4
⇒ LHS = RHS

(7) x = 4/5(x + 10)
⇒ x = 4x/5 + 40/5
⇒ x - 4x/5 = 8
⇒ (5x - 4x)/5 = 8
⇒ x = 8 × 5
⇒ x = 40
Putting the value of x in RHS and LHS we get,
40 = 4/5(40 + 10)
⇒ 40 = 4/5 × 50
⇒ 40 = 200/5
⇒ 40 = 40
⇒ LHS = RHS

(8) 2x/3 + 1 = 7x/15 + 3
2x/3 - 7x/15 = 3 - 1
⇒ (10x - 7x)/15 = 2
⇒ 3x = 2 × 15
⇒ 3x = 30
⇒ x = 10
Putting the value of x in RHS and LHS we get,
(2×10)/3 + 1 = (7×10)/15 + 3
⇒ 20/3 + 1 = 70/15 + 3
⇒ (20 + 3)/3 = (70 + 45)/15
⇒ 23/3 = 115/15
⇒ 23/3 = 23/3
⇒ LHS = RHS

(10) 3m = 5 m – 8/5
⇒ 3m - 5m = -8/5
⇒ -2m = -8/5

⇒-2m × 5 = -8
⇒ -10m = -8
⇒ m = -8/-10
⇒ m = 4/5
Putting the value of m in RHS and LHS we get,
3 × 4/5 = (5 × 4/5) – 8/5
⇒ 12/5 = 4 - 8/5
⇒ 12/5 = (20 - 8)/5
⇒ 12/5 = 12/5
⇒ LHS = RHS

Part-II (Exercise 2.4 to 2.6)

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NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 2 Linear Equations in One Variable Maths Part-II

Page No: 31

Exercise 2.4

1. Amina thinks of a number and subtracts 5/2 from it. She multiplies the result by 8. The result now obtained is 3 times the same number she thought of. What is the number?

Answer

Let the number be x.
A/q,
(x - 5/2) × 8 = 3x
⇒ 8x - 40/2 = 3x
⇒ 8x - 3x = 40/2
⇒ 5x = 20
⇒ x = 4
Thus, the number is 4.

2. A positive number is 5 times another number. If 21 is added to both the numbers, then one of the new numbers becomes twice the other new number. What are the numbers?

Answer

Let one of the positive number be x then other number will be 5x.
A/q,
5x + 21 = 2(x + 21)
⇒ 5x + 21 = 2x + 42
⇒ 5x - 2x = 42 - 21
⇒ 3x = 21
⇒ x = 7
One number = x = 7
Other number = 5x = 5×7 = 35
The two numbers are 5 and 35.

3. Sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 9. When we interchange the digits, it is found that the resulting new number is greater than the original number by 27. What is the two-digit number?

Answer

Let the digit at tens place be x then digit at ones place will be (9-x).
Original two digit number = 10x + (9-x)
After interchanging the digits, the new number = 10(9-x) + x
A/q,
10x + (9-x) + 27 = 10(9-x) + x
⇒ 10x + 9 - x + 27 = 90 - 10x + x
⇒ 9x + 36 = 90 - 9x
⇒ 9x + 9x = 90 - 36
⇒ 18x = 54
⇒ x = 3
Original number = 10x + (9-x) = (10×3) + (9-3) = 30 + 6 = 36
Thus, the number is 36.

4. One of the two digits of a two digit number is three times the other digit. If you interchange the digits of this two-digit number and add the resulting number to the original number, you get 88. What is the original number?

Answer

Let the digit at tens place be x then digit at ones place will be 3x.
Original two digit number = 10x + 3x
After interchanging the digits, the new number = 30x + x
A/q,
(30x + x) + (10x + 3x) = 88
⇒ 31x + 13x = 88
⇒ 44x = 88
⇒ x = 2
Original number = 10x + 3x = 13x = 13×2 = 26

5. Shobo’s mother’s present age is six times Shobo’s present age. Shobo’s age five years from now will be one third of his mother’s present age. What are their present ages?

Answer

Let the present age of Shobo be x then age of her mother will be 6x.
Shobo's age after 5 years = x + 5
A/q,
(x + 5) = 1/3 × 6x
⇒ x + 5 = 2x
⇒ 2x - x = 5
⇒ x = 5
Present age of Shobo = x = 5 years
Present age of Shobo's mother = 6x = 30 years

6. There is a narrow rectangular plot, reserved for a school, in Mahuli village. The length and breadth of the plot are in the ratio 11:4. At the rate ₹100 per metre it will cost the village panchayat ₹75000 to fence the plot. What are the dimensions of the plot?

Answer

Let the length of the rectangular plot be 11x and breadth be 4x.
Rate of fencing per metre = ₹100
Total cost of fencing = ₹75000
Perimeter of the plot = 2(l+b) = 2(11x + 4x) = 2×15x = 30x
Total amount of fencing = (30x × 100)
A/q,
(30x × 100) = 75000
⇒ 3000x = 75000
⇒ x = 75000/3000
⇒ x = 25
Length of the plot = 11x = 11×25 = 275
Breadth of the plot = 4x = 4×25 = 100

7. Hasan buys two kinds of cloth materials for school uniforms, shirt material that costs him ₹50 per metre and trouser material that costs him ₹90 per metre. For every 3 meters of the shirt material he buys 2 metres of the trouser material. He sells the materials at 12% and 10% profit respectively. His total sale is ₹36,660. How much trouser material did he buy?

Answer

Let 2x m of trouser material and 3x m of shirt material be bought by him.
Selling price of shirt material per metre = ₹ 50 + 50×(12/100) = ₹ 56
Selling price of trouser material per metre = ₹ 90 + 90×(10/100) = ₹99
Total amount of sale = ₹36,600
A/q,
(2x × 99) + (3x × 56) = 36600
⇒ 198x + 168x = 36600
⇒ 366x = 36600
⇒ x = 36600/366
⇒ x =100
Total trouser material he bought = 2x = 2×100 = 200 m.

Page No: 32

8. Half of a herd of deer are grazing in the field and three fourths of the remaining are playing nearby. The rest 9 are drinking water from the pond. Find the number of deer in the herd.

Answer

Let the total number of deer be x.
Deer grazing in the field = x/2
Deer playing nearby = 3/4(x - x/2) = 3/4×x/2 = 3x/8
Deer drinking water = 9
A/q,
x/2 + 3x/8 + 9 = x
⇒ (4x + 3x)/8 + 9 = x
⇒ 7x/8 + 9 = x
⇒ x - 7x/8 = 9
⇒ (8x - 7x)/8 = 9
⇒ x = 9×8
⇒ x = 72

9. A grandfather is ten times older than his granddaughter. He is also 54 years older than her. Find their present ages.

Answer

Let the age of granddaughter be x and grandfather be 10x.
Also, he is 54 years older than her.
A/q,
10x = x + 54
⇒ 10x - x = 54
⇒ 9x = 54
⇒ x = 6
Age of grandfather = 10x = 10×6 = 60 years.
Age of granddaughter = x = 6 years.

10. Aman’s age is three times his son’s age. Ten years ago he was five times his son’s age. Find their present ages.

Answer

Let the age of Aman's son be x then age of Aman will be 3x.
A/q,
5(x - 10) = 3x - 10
⇒ 5x - 50 = 3x - 10
⇒ 5x - 3x = -10 + 50
⇒ 2x = 40
⇒ x = 20
Aman's son age = x = 20 years
Aman age = 3x = 3×20 = 60 years

Page No: 33

Exercise 2.5

Solve the following linear equations.
(1) x/2 - 1/5 = x/3 + 1/4            (2) n/2 - 3n/4 + 5n/6 = 21        (3) x + 7 - 8x/3 = 17/6 - 5x/2
(4) (x - 5)/3 = (x - 3)/5           (5) (3t - 2)/4 - (2t + 3)/3 = 2/3 - t
(6) m - (m - 1)/2 = 1 - (m - 2)/3

Answer

(1) x/2 - 1/5 = x/3 + 1/4
⇒ x/2 - x/3 = 1/4 + 1/5
⇒ (3x - 2x)/6 = (5 + 4)/20
⇒ 3x - 2x = 9/20 × 6
⇒ x = 54/20
⇒ x = 27/10

(2) n/2 - 3n/4 + 5n/6 = 21
⇒ (6n - 9n + 10n)/12 = 21
⇒ 7n/12 = 21
⇒ 7n = 21×12
⇒ n = 252/7
⇒ n = 36

(3) x + 7 - 8x/3 = 17/6 - 5x/2
⇒ x - 8x/3 + 5x/2 = 17/6 - 7
⇒ (6x - 16x + 15x)/6 = (17 - 42)/6
⇒ 5x/6 = -25/6
⇒ 5x = -25
⇒ x = -5

(4) (x - 5)/3 = (x - 3)/5
⇒ x/3 - 15 = x/5 - 15
⇒ x/3 - x/5 = -15 + 15
⇒ (5x - 3x)/15 = 0
⇒ 2x/15 = 0
⇒ x = 0

(5) (3t - 2)/4 - (2t + 3)/3 = 2/3 - t
⇒ 3t/4 - 1/2 - (2t/3 + 1) = 2/3 - t
⇒ 3t/4 - 1/2 - 2t/3 - 1 = 2/3 - t
⇒ 3t/4 - 2t/3 + t = 2/3 + 1 + 1/2
⇒ (9t - 8t + 12t)/12 = 2/3 + 3/2
⇒ 13t/12 = (4 + 9)/6
⇒ 13t/12 = 13/6
⇒ t = 13/6 × 12/13
⇒ t = 12/6 = 2

(6) m - (m - 1)/2 = 1 - (m - 2)/3
⇒ m - (m/2 - 1/2) = 1 - (m/3 - 2/3)
⇒ m - m/2 + 1/2 = 1 - m/3 + 2/3
⇒ m - m/2 + m/3 = 1 + 2/3 - 1/2
⇒ m/2 + m/3 = 1/2 + 2/3
⇒ (3m + 2m)/6 = (3 + 4)/6
⇒ 5m/6 = 7/6
⇒ m = 7/6 × 6/5
⇒ m = 7/5

Page No: 34

Simplify and solve the following linear equations.
(7) 3(t – 3) = 5(2t + 1)                 (8) 15(y – 4) –2(y – 9) + 5(y + 6) = 0
(9) 3(5z – 7) – 2(9z – 11) = 4(8z – 13) – 17           (10) 0.25(4f – 3) = 0.05(10f – 9)

Answer

(7) 3(t – 3) = 5(2t + 1)
⇒ 3t - 9 = 10t + 5
⇒ 3t - 10t = 5 + 9
⇒ -7t = 14
⇒ t = 14/-7
⇒ t = -2

(8) 15(y – 4) –2(y – 9) + 5(y + 6) = 0
⇒ 15y - 60 -2y + 18 + 5y + 30 = 0
⇒ 15y - 2y + 5y = 60 - 18 - 30
⇒ 18y = 12
⇒ y = 12/18
⇒ y = 2/3

(9) 3(5z – 7) – 2(9z – 11) = 4(8z – 13) – 17
⇒ 15z - 21 - 18z + 22 = 32z - 52 - 17
⇒ 15z - 18z - 32z = -52 - 17 + 21 - 22
⇒ -35z = -70
⇒ z = -70/-35
⇒ z = 2

(10) 0.25(4f – 3) = 0.05(10f – 9)
⇒ f - 0.75 = 0.5f - 0.45
⇒ f - 0.5f = -0.45 + 0.75
⇒ 0.5f = 0.30
⇒ f = 0.30/0.5
⇒ f = 30/5 = 6

Page No: 35

Exercise 2.6

Solve the following equations.
(1) (8x - 3)/3x = 2             (2) 9x/(7 - 6x) = 15          (3) z/(z + 15) = 4/9
(4) (3y + 4)/(2 - 6y) = -2/5            (5) (7y + 4)/(y + 2) = -4/3

Answer

(1) (8x - 3)/3x = 2
⇒ 8x/3x - 3/3x = 2
⇒ 8/3 - 1/x = 2
⇒ 8/3 - 2 = 1/x
⇒ (8 - 6)/3 = 1/x
⇒ 2/3 = 1/x
⇒ x = 3/2

(2) 9x/(7 - 6x) = 15
⇒ 9x = 15(7 - 6x)
⇒ 9x = 105 - 90x
⇒ 9x + 90x = 105
⇒ 99x = 105
⇒ x = 105/99 = 35/33

(3) z/(z + 15) = 4/9
⇒ z = 4/9(z + 15)
⇒ 9z = 4(z + 15)
⇒ 9z = 4z + 60
⇒ 9z - 4z = 60
⇒ 5z = 60
⇒ z = 12

(4) (3y + 4)/(2 - 6y) = -2/5
⇒ 3y + 4 = -2/5(2 - 6y)
⇒ 5(3y + 4) = -2(2 - 6y)
⇒ 15y + 20 = -4 + 12y
⇒ 15y - 12y = -4 - 20
⇒ 3y = -24
⇒ y = -8

(5) (7y + 4)/(y + 2) = -4/3
⇒ 7y + 4 = -4/3(y + 2)
⇒ 3(7y + 4) = -4(y + 2)
⇒ 21y + 12 = -4y - 8
⇒ 21y + 4y = -8 - 12
⇒ 25y = -20
⇒ y = 20/25 = 4/5

6. The ages of Hari and Harry are in the ratio 5:7. Four years from now the ratio of their ages will be 3:4. Find their present ages.

Answer

Let the age of Hari be 5x and Hari be 7x.
After 4years,
Age of Hari = 5x + 4
Age of Harry = 7x + 4
A/q,
(5x + 4)/(7x + 4) = 3/4
⇒ 4(5x + 4) = 3(7x + 4)
⇒ 20x + 16 = 21x + 12
⇒ 21x - 20x = 16 - 12
⇒ x = 4
Hari age = 5x = 5×4 = 20 years
Harry age = 7x = 7×4 = 28 years

7. The denominator of a rational number is greater than its numerator by 8. If the numerator is increased by 17 and the denominator is decreased by 1, the number obtained is 3/2. Find the rational number.

Answer

Let the numerator be x then denominator will be (x + 8).
A/q,
(x + 17)/(x + 8 - 1) = 3/2
⇒ (x + 17)/(x + 7) = 3/2
⇒ 2(x + 17) = 3(x + 7)
⇒ 2x + 34 = 3x + 21
⇒ 34 - 21 = 3x - 2x
⇒ 13 = x
The rational number is x/(x + 8) = 13/21

Part-I (Exercise 2.1 to 2.3)

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NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: पाठ - 12 शहीद झलकारी बाई (एकांकी) हिंदी दूर्वा भाग - II

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अभ्यास

1. पढ़ो, समझो और करो

नमूना → चिंता - चिंतित

जीवन

► जीवित

पीड़ा

► पीड़ित

उपेक्षा

► उपेक्षित

सुरक्षा

► सुरक्षित

पराजय

► पराजित

2. मुहावरे

अपने प्राणों के बलिदान का अवसर आ गया है। इस वाक्य में 'प्राणों का बलिदान देना' मुहावरे का प्रयोग हुआ है। नीचे कुछ और मुहावरे दिए गए हैं। इनका अपने वाक्यों में प्रयोग करो।

टूट पड़ना, निढाल होना, वीरगति पाना, शहीद हो जाना, प्राणों की बाजी लगाना, मौत के मुँह में जाना, मैदान में उतरना

उत्तर

टूट पड़ना - सेनापति ने दुश्मन सेना पर टूट पड़ने का आदेश दिया।

निढाल होना - दिनभर काम करने के बाद मोहन निढाल हो गया।

वीरगति पाना - रणक्षेत्र में कई सैनिक वीरगति को प्राप्त हो गए।

शहीद हो जाना - देश के लिए शहीद होना गौरव की बात है।

प्राणों की बाजी लगाना - सैनिकों ने देश को दुश्मनों से बचाने के लिए प्राणों की बाजी लगा दी।

मौत के मुँह में जाना - श्याम खुद अपने कामों के कारण मौत के मुँह में चला गया।

मैदान में उतरना - योद्धा जीत के लिए मैदान में उतरते हैं।

पाठ से

1. झलकारीबाई ने लक्ष्मीबाई से किस चीज़ की माँग की और क्यों?

उत्तर

झलकारीबाई ने लक्ष्मीबाई से उनके वस्त्र, पगड़ी और कलगी की माँग की क्योंकि वह रानी लक्ष्मीबाई की तरह दिख सके।

2. 'जनरल! झाँसी की रानी को ज़िंदा पकड़ना तुम्हारे बूते की बात नहीं है।' यह किसने, किससे और क्यों कहा?

उत्तर

यह पंक्ति झलकारीबाई ने अंग्रेज़ी जनरल रोज़ से कहा क्योंकि वह जानती थीं कि रानी लक्ष्मीबाई एक वीरांगना हैं। वे अपने प्राण रहने तक अंग्रेज़ों का डटकर मुकाबला करेंगीं।

3. झलकारीबाई का क्या हुआ?

उत्तर

झलकारीबाई युद्ध में अंग्रेज़ों से बहादुरी से लड़ती हुईं वीरगति को प्राप्त हो गईं।

पृष्ठ संख्या: 72

4. खोजबीन

क. आजादी की लड़ाई में हिस्सा लेने वाली कुछ महिलाओं के नाम बताओ।

उत्तर

बेगम हजरत महल, रानी चेनम्मा, महादेवी वर्मा, लीलाबती मुंशी, विजय लक्ष्मी पंडित, सुचेता कृपलानी, कमला नेहरू, कस्तूरबागांधी, अरुणा आसफ अली आदि।

ख. रानी लक्ष्मीबाई के बारे में सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान की एक प्रसिद्ध कविता तुमने पढ़ी या सुनी होगी। उसकी कुछ पंक्तियाँ कॉपी में लिखो।

उत्तर

सिंहासन हिल उठे राजवंशों ने भृकुटी तानी थी,
बूढ़े भारत में भी आई फिर से नयी जवानी थी,
गुमी हुई आज़ादी की कीमत सबने पहचानी थी,
दूर फिरंगी को करने की सबने मन में ठानी थी।

चमक उठी सन सत्तावन में, वह तलवार पुरानी थी,
बुंदेले हरबोलों के मुँह हमने सुनी कहानी थी,
खूब लड़ी मर्दानी वह तो झाँसी वाली रानी थी।।

कानपूर के नाना की, मुँहबोली बहन छबीली थी,
लक्ष्मीबाई नाम, पिता की वह संतान अकेली थी,
नाना के सँग पढ़ती थी वह, नाना के सँग खेली थी,
बरछी, ढाल, कृपाण, कटारी उसकी यही सहेली थी।

5. तुम्हारी समझ

तुमने इस एकाँकी को अच्छी तरह से अवश्य समझ लिया होगा। अब इस पाठ के आधार पर स्वयं कुछ प्रश्न बनाकर लिखो। उनके उत्तर भी लिखो। यदि तुम चाहो तो उत्तर देने के लिए अपने साथी से प्रश्नों की अदला-बदली भी कर सकते हो।

उत्तर

प्रश्न: झलकारीबाई की योजना क्या थी?

उत्तर: झलकारीबाई की योजना थी कि वह अंग्रेज़ों को किले के मुख्य द्वार पर उलझा कर रखेंगीं तब तक रानी लक्ष्मीबाई बेटे दामोदरदास सहित अपने वीर सैनिकों को लेकर महल से दूर निकल जाएँगीं।

प्रश्न: जनरल रोज़ ने झलकारीबाई को लक्ष्मीबाई कैसे समझ लिया?

उत्तर

झलकारीबाई लक्ष्मीबाई के वेशभूषा में थीं तथा सेना का नेतृत्व कर रहीं थी इस कारण जनरल रोज़ ने भूल से झलकारीबाई को लक्ष्मीबाई समझ लिया।

6. हमशक्ल

झलकारीबाई, लक्ष्मीबाई की हमशक्ल थी। तुम्हारे विचार से हमशक्ल होने के क्या-क्या लाभ या हानि हो सकते हैं?

उत्तर

हमशक्ल होने के कई फायदे हैं जैसे अगर कहीं जाना हो तो हम खुद ना जाकर हमशक्ल को भेज सकते हैं, अपनी की गलतियाँ उसपर डाल सकते हैं, आराम से उनके नाम पर दूसरों से चीज़ें मांग सकते हैं आदि परन्तु हमशक्ल होने से हानियाँ भी हैं चूँकि यह सारे काम हमारे जगह हमारे हमशक्ल भी कर सकते हैं और हम बिना कुछ किये मुसीबत में पड़ सकते हैं।

पाठ में वापिस जाएँ

A Pact with the Sun- Class 6th NCERT Solutions English

April 21, 2016, 5:56 pm

≫ Next: NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: पाठ - 12 शहीद झलकारी बाई (एकांकी) हिंदी

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A Pact with the Sun NCERT Solutions of English Class 6

Get answers of your textbook. If you have any problem in finding the correct answers of A Pact with the Sun Textbook then you can find here. This page will help in finding those NCERT Solutions of books. Here you find complete chapter detailed questions and answers of Class 6 English.The answer of each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters and select needy one. Also you can read NCERT book online in this section.

Chapter 1- A Tale of Two Birds

Chapter 2- The Friendly Mongoose

Chapter 3- The Shepherd’s Treasure

Chapter 4- The Old-Clock Shop

Chapter 5- Tansen

Chapter 6- The Monkey and the Crocodile

Chapter 7- The Wonder Called Sleep

Chapter 8- A Pact with the Sun

Chapter 9- What Happened to the Reptiles

Chapter 10-  A Strange Wrestling Match

Honeysuckle NCERT Solutions

NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: पाठ - 12 शहीद झलकारी बाई (एकांकी) हिंदी

April 23, 2016, 4:59 pm

≫ Next: NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: पाठ - 13 नृत्यांगना सुधा चंद्रन (जीवनी) हिंदी

≪ Previous: A Pact with the Sun- Class 6th NCERT Solutions English

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NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: पाठ - 12 शहीद झलकारी बाई (एकांकी) हिंदी दूर्वा भाग - II

पृष्ठ संख्या: 71

अभ्यास

1. पढ़ो, समझो और करो

नमूना → चिंता - चिंतित

जीवन

► जीवित

पीड़ा

► पीड़ित

उपेक्षा

► उपेक्षित

सुरक्षा

► सुरक्षित

पराजय

► पराजित

2. मुहावरे

अपने प्राणों के बलिदान का अवसर आ गया है। इस वाक्य में 'प्राणों का बलिदान देना' मुहावरे का प्रयोग हुआ है। नीचे कुछ और मुहावरे दिए गए हैं। इनका अपने वाक्यों में प्रयोग करो।

टूट पड़ना, निढाल होना, वीरगति पाना, शहीद हो जाना, प्राणों की बाजी लगाना, मौत के मुँह में जाना, मैदान में उतरना

उत्तर

टूट पड़ना - सेनापति ने दुश्मन सेना पर टूट पड़ने का आदेश दिया।

निढाल होना - दिनभर काम करने के बाद मोहन निढाल हो गया।

वीरगति पाना - रणक्षेत्र में कई सैनिक वीरगति को प्राप्त हो गए।

शहीद हो जाना - देश के लिए शहीद होना गौरव की बात है।

प्राणों की बाजी लगाना - सैनिकों ने देश को दुश्मनों से बचाने के लिए प्राणों की बाजी लगा दी।

मौत के मुँह में जाना - श्याम खुद अपने कामों के कारण मौत के मुँह में चला गया।

मैदान में उतरना - योद्धा जीत के लिए मैदान में उतरते हैं।

पाठ से

1. झलकारीबाई ने लक्ष्मीबाई से किस चीज़ की माँग की और क्यों?

उत्तर

झलकारीबाई ने लक्ष्मीबाई से उनके वस्त्र, पगड़ी और कलगी की माँग की क्योंकि वह रानी लक्ष्मीबाई की तरह दिख सके।

2. 'जनरल! झाँसी की रानी को ज़िंदा पकड़ना तुम्हारे बूते की बात नहीं है।' यह किसने, किससे और क्यों कहा?

उत्तर

यह पंक्ति झलकारीबाई ने अंग्रेज़ी जनरल रोज़ से कहा क्योंकि वह जानती थीं कि रानी लक्ष्मीबाई एक वीरांगना हैं। वे अपने प्राण रहने तक अंग्रेज़ों का डटकर मुकाबला करेंगीं।

3. झलकारीबाई का क्या हुआ?

उत्तर

झलकारीबाई युद्ध में अंग्रेज़ों से बहादुरी से लड़ती हुईं वीरगति को प्राप्त हो गईं।

पृष्ठ संख्या: 72

4. खोजबीन

क. आजादी की लड़ाई में हिस्सा लेने वाली कुछ महिलाओं के नाम बताओ।

उत्तर

बेगम हजरत महल, रानी चेनम्मा, महादेवी वर्मा, लीलाबती मुंशी, विजय लक्ष्मी पंडित, सुचेता कृपलानी, कमला नेहरू, कस्तूरबागांधी, अरुणा आसफ अली आदि।

ख. रानी लक्ष्मीबाई के बारे में सुभद्रा कुमारी चौहान की एक प्रसिद्ध कविता तुमने पढ़ी या सुनी होगी। उसकी कुछ पंक्तियाँ कॉपी में लिखो।

उत्तर

सिंहासन हिल उठे राजवंशों ने भृकुटी तानी थी,
बूढ़े भारत में भी आई फिर से नयी जवानी थी,
गुमी हुई आज़ादी की कीमत सबने पहचानी थी,
दूर फिरंगी को करने की सबने मन में ठानी थी।

चमक उठी सन सत्तावन में, वह तलवार पुरानी थी,
बुंदेले हरबोलों के मुँह हमने सुनी कहानी थी,
खूब लड़ी मर्दानी वह तो झाँसी वाली रानी थी।।

कानपूर के नाना की, मुँहबोली बहन छबीली थी,
लक्ष्मीबाई नाम, पिता की वह संतान अकेली थी,
नाना के सँग पढ़ती थी वह, नाना के सँग खेली थी,
बरछी, ढाल, कृपाण, कटारी उसकी यही सहेली थी।

5. तुम्हारी समझ

तुमने इस एकाँकी को अच्छी तरह से अवश्य समझ लिया होगा। अब इस पाठ के आधार पर स्वयं कुछ प्रश्न बनाकर लिखो। उनके उत्तर भी लिखो। यदि तुम चाहो तो उत्तर देने के लिए अपने साथी से प्रश्नों की अदला-बदली भी कर सकते हो।

उत्तर

प्रश्न: झलकारीबाई की योजना क्या थी?

उत्तर: झलकारीबाई की योजना थी कि वह अंग्रेज़ों को किले के मुख्य द्वार पर उलझा कर रखेंगीं तब तक रानी लक्ष्मीबाई बेटे दामोदरदास सहित अपने वीर सैनिकों को लेकर महल से दूर निकल जाएँगीं।

प्रश्न: जनरल रोज़ ने झलकारीबाई को लक्ष्मीबाई कैसे समझ लिया?

उत्तर

झलकारीबाई लक्ष्मीबाई के वेशभूषा में थीं तथा सेना का नेतृत्व कर रहीं थी इस कारण जनरल रोज़ ने भूल से झलकारीबाई को लक्ष्मीबाई समझ लिया।

6. हमशक्ल

झलकारीबाई, लक्ष्मीबाई की हमशक्ल थी। तुम्हारे विचार से हमशक्ल होने के क्या-क्या लाभ या हानि हो सकते हैं?

उत्तर

हमशक्ल होने के कई फायदे हैं जैसे अगर कहीं जाना हो तो हम खुद ना जाकर हमशक्ल को भेज सकते हैं, अपनी की गलतियाँ उसपर डाल सकते हैं, आराम से उनके नाम पर दूसरों से चीज़ें मांग सकते हैं आदि परन्तु हमशक्ल होने से हानियाँ भी हैं चूँकि यह सारे काम हमारे जगह हमारे हमशक्ल भी कर सकते हैं और हम बिना कुछ किये मुसीबत में पड़ सकते हैं।

पाठ में वापिस जाएँ

NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: पाठ - 13 नृत्यांगना सुधा चंद्रन (जीवनी) हिंदी

April 23, 2016, 5:04 pm

≫ Next: NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 1 A Tale of Two Birds English

≪ Previous: NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: पाठ - 12 शहीद झलकारी बाई (एकांकी) हिंदी

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NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: पाठ - 13 नृत्यांगना सुधा चंद्रन (जीवनी) हिंदी दूर्वा भाग - II

पृष्ठ संख्या: 77

अभ्यास

1. पाठ से

क. सुधा के स्वपनों की इंद्रधनुषी दुनिया में अँधेरा कैसे छा गया?

उत्तर

सुधा एक मशहूर नृत्यांगना बनना चाहती थीं परन्तु तिरुचिरापल्ली से मद्रास जाते समय सुधा चंद्रन की बस दुर्घटनाग्रस्त हो गई जिस कारण उनका पैर काटना पड़ा। इससे सुधा के स्वपनों की इंद्रधनुषी दुनिया में अँधेरा छा गया।

ख. डॉ. सेठी ने सुधा के लिए क्या किया?

उत्तर

डॉ सेठी ने सुधा के नृत्य शिक्षक से नृत्य के लिए पाँव की विभिन्न मुद्राओं को गम्भीरता से देखा परखा और एक नई टाँग बनवाई जो नरतीय की विशेष जरूरतों को ध्यान में रखकर बनाई गई थी और इस कृत्रिम टाँग को सुधा में लगवाया।

ग. सुधा पूरे भारत में कैसे लोकप्रिय हो गई?

उत्तर

सुधा ने अपने कृत्रिम पैरों के साथ मुंबई के एक हाल में हुए सार्वजनिक नृत्य प्रदर्शन में एक अन्य नृत्यांगना के साथ हिस्सा लिया। उनका नृत्य बेहद सफल रहा और वे पूरे भारत में लोकप्रिय हो गई।

2. विलोम शब्द लिखो

आशा
► निराशा

कठिन
► सरल

आदर
► अनादर

अँधेरा
► उजाला

आकार
► निराकार

इच्छा
► अनिच्छा

3. सही चिह्न लगाओ

सुधा ने पूछा क्या मैं नाच सकूँगी डॉ. सेठी ने कहा क्यों नहीं प्रयास करो सब कुछ संभव है

उत्तर

सुधा ने पूछा, "क्या मैं नाच सकूँगी?" डॉ. सेठी ने कहा," क्यों नहीं प्रयास करो सब कुछ संभव है।"

4. क्या पहले, क्या बाद में

नीचे सुधा चंद्रन के जीवन की कुछ घटनाएँ बताई गई हैं। इन्हें सही क्रम में लगाओ।

• सुधा डॉ. सेठी से मिली।

• सुधा नृत्य का फिर से प्रशिक्षण लेने लगी।

• सुधा ने प्रीति के साथ नृत्य किया।

• सुधा को अभिनय के लिए विशेष पुरस्कार मिला।
• सुधा का पैर काटना पड़ा।
• सुधा ने नृत्य विद्यालय में प्रवेश लिया।

उत्तर

• सुधा ने नृत्य विद्यालय में प्रवेश लिया।

• सुधा का पैर काटना पड़ा।

• सुधा डॉ. सेठी से मिली।

• सुधा नृत्य का फिर से प्रशिक्षण लेने लगी।

• सुधा ने प्रीति के साथ नृत्य किया।

• सुधा को अभिनय के लिए विशेष पुरस्कार मिला।

पृष्ठ संख्या: 78

5. एक चुनौती

शारीरिक शब्द में िी की मात्राओं का प्रयोग होता है। तुम भी ऐसे ही अन्य शब्द खोजो और यहाँ लिखो।

नमूना → विनती, शारीरिक, नीति

उत्तर

किसी, राजनीति, बिजली, सीमित, चिकनी, मिट्टी

6. खोजबीन और बातचीत

क. सुधा के जीवन पर फ़िल्म बनी थी। कुछ अन्य व्यक्तियों के नाम पता करो और लिखो , जिनके जीवन पर फ़िल्म बनाई गई हों।

उत्तर

मैरी कॉम, मिल्खा सिंह, फूलन देवी, महात्मा गाँधी, भीमराव अम्बेदकर, पान सिंह तोमर आदि।

ख. सुधा यात्रा के दौरान दुर्घटनाग्रस्त हुई थी। पता करो कि यात्रा के दौरान दुर्घटना से कैसे बचा जा सकता है? सावधानियों की सूची बनाओ।

उत्तर

सावधानियों की सूची-
• ज्यादा तेज गति से गाड़ी नहीं चलानी चाहिए।
• सीट-बेल्ट लगा लेना चाहिए।
• खराब मौसम में गाड़ी चलाने से बचना चाहिए।
• गाड़ी में प्राथमिक चिकित्सा किट रखना चाहिए।

ग. क्या तुम किसी विकलाँग व्यक्ति को जानते हो? उसके बारे में बताओ।

उत्तर

छात्र स्वयं करें।

घ. कुछ ऐसे विकलाँग व्यक्तियों के नाम लिखो जिन्होंने जीवन में विशेष सफलता प्राप्त की है।

उत्तर

हेलेन केलर, स्टीफेन हॉकिंग, रविंद्र जैन, डॉ. सुरेश आडवाणी आदि।

ड़. भारत के कुछ नृत्यों और नर्तक/नर्तकियों के नाम पता करो और कक्षा में सबको बताओ।

उत्तर

• भरतनाट्यम - यामिनी कृष्ण्मूर्ति
• कुचिपुड़ी - वेदांतम सत्यनारायण
• कत्थक - बिरजू महराज
• कथककली - कृष्णा कुट्टी
• मणिपुरी - गुरु अमली सिंह

च. पता करो भारत में मैग्सेसे पुरस्कार किन-किन व्यक्तियों को मिला है?

उत्तर

1. विनोबा भावे (1958)

2. सी.डी. देशमुख (1959)

3. अमिताभ चौधरी (1961)
4. मदर टैरेसा (1962)
5. दारा एन. खुरोदी (1963)
6. त्रिभुवनदास के पटेल (1963)
7. वर्गीज कुरीयन (1963)
8. जय प्रकाश नारायण (1965)
9. कमला देवी चटोपाध्याय (1966)
10. सत्यजीत रे (1967)
11. एम.एस.स्वामीनाथन (1971)
12. एम.एस.सुब्बलक्ष्मी (1974)
13. बी.जी.वर्गीज (1975)
14. शम्भु मित्रा (1976)
15. इला रमेश भट्ट (1977)
16. राजनकांत अरोल (1979)
17. माबेला आरोल (1779)
18. गौर किशोर घोष (1981)
19. प्रमोद करण सेठी (1981)
20. चण्डी प्रसाद भट्ट (1982)
21. मनीभाई देसाई (1982)
22. अरुण शौरी (1982)
23. आर.के. लक्ष्मण (1984)
24. बाबा आमटे (1985)
25. लक्ष्मीचंद जैन (1989)
26. के.वी. सुबन्ना (1991)
27. पंडित रविशंकर (1992)
28. बानू कोयाजी (1993)
29. किरण बेदी (1994)
30. टी.एन.शेषण (1996)
30. डुरंग अठावले (1996)
31. महेश चन्द्र मेहता (1997)
32. महाश्वेता देवी (1997)
33. जॉकिन अर्पुथम (2000)
34. अरुणा राय (2000)
35. राजेंद्र सिंह (2001)
36. संदीप पांडेय (2002)
37. शांता सिन्हा (2003)
38. जेम्स माइकल लिंगदोह (2003)
39. लक्ष्मी नारायण रामदास (2003)
40. वी.शांता (2005)
41. अरविंद केजरीवाल (2006)
42. पी.साईनाथ (2007)
43. नीलिमा मिश्रा (2011)
44. हरीश हांडे (2011)
45. कुलांदेई फ्रांकिस (2012)

पाठ में वापिस जाएँ

---

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 1 A Tale of Two Birds English

April 24, 2016, 7:22 pm

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 1 A Tale of Two Birds A Pact with the Sun English

Page No: 3

Questions

1. How did the two baby birds get separated?

Answer

The two baby birds get separated which blew them away to the other side of the forest.

2. Where did each of them find a home?

Answer

One of the baby bird found its home near a cave where a gang of robbers lived and other baby bird found its home outside a rishi’s ashram.

3. What did the first bird say to the stranger?

Answer

The first bird cried out to stranger to hurry up as someone is under tree. He said to take his jewels and his horse or else quickly or else he will slip away.

4. What did the second bird say to him?

Answer

The second bird welcomed him. The bird asked him to come inside and make himself comfortable. He looks tired so should take rest and can share his food.

5. How did the rishi explain the different ways in which the birds behaved?

Answer

The rishi explained that one is known by the company one keeps. Their behaviour depend on them. The first bird always heard the robbers and therefore talks about robbing people. The second bird lived near ashram and therefore welcomed him inside.

6. Which one of the following sums up the story best?
(i) A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.
(ii) One is known by the company one keeps.
(iii) A friend in need is a friend indeed.

Answer

(ii) One is known by the company one keeps.

Go To Chapters

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 2 The Friendly Mongoose English

April 25, 2016, 11:03 pm

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 2 The Friendly Mongoose A Pact with the Sun English

Page No: 6

Questions

1. Why did the farmer bring a baby mongoose into the house?

Answer

The farmer brought a baby mongoose into the house because they thought that their son needed a companion when he grew up.

2. Why didn’t the farmer’s wife want to leave the baby alone with the mongoose?

Answer

The farmer’s wife didn't want to leave the baby alone with the mongoose because she was afraid that the mongoose will harm him.

3. What was the farmer’s comment on his wife’s fears?

Answer

The farmer said on his wife's fear that she shouldn't be afraid because mongoose is a friendly animal. It is as sweet as our baby and they are the best of friends.

4. Why did the farmer’s wife strike the mongoose with her basket?

Answer

The farmer's wife strike the mongoose with her basket because she thought that it killed her son as its face and paws were smeared with blood.

5. Did she repent her hasty action? How does she show her repentance?

Answer

Yes, she repent her hasty action. She showed her repentance by crying when touching the dead and still mongoose.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 3 The Shepherd’s Treasure English

April 27, 2016, 9:03 pm

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 3 The Shepherd’s Treasure A Pact with the Sun English

Page No: 10

Questions

1. The shepherd hadn’t been to school because
(i) he was very poor.
(ii) there were very few schools in those days.
(iii) he wasn’t interested in studies.
Choose the right answer.

Answer

(ii) there were very few schools in those days.

2. Who visited the shepherd one day, and why?

Answer

The king of the country visited the shepherd one day because he was famous for his wisdom and friendly nature. The king heard about him, and thought of meeting him to know the truth.

3. Why did the other governors grow jealous of the shepherd?

Answer

The other governors grow jealous of the shepherd because he rose to power and his fame as a fair and wise governor soon spread throughout the country.

4. Why was the new governor called to the palace?

Answer

The new governor called to the palace because he used to carry an iron chest with him all the time and the king wanted to know the secret of that chest.

5. Why was everyone delighted to see the iron chest on the camel’s back?

Answer

Everyone was delighted to see the iron chest on the camel’s back because the other governors were sure that he collected all his treasure in his iron chest and when it would be opened in front of the king, his dishonesty will be revealed.

6. (i) What did the iron chest contain?
(ii) Why did the shepherd always carry it?
(iii) Is it an example of the shepherd’s humility or wisdom or both?

Answer

(i) The iron chest contained an old blanket.
(ii) The shepherd always carried it because it was his oldest friend and will still protect him any time even when king took away his new cloaks.
(iii) It is an example of both shepherd’s humility and wisdom.

7. How did the king reward the new governor?

Answer

The king rewarded him by making him the governor of a much bigger district.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: पाठ - 10 हम धरती के लाल (कविता) हिंदी

April 28, 2016, 10:17 pm

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NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: पाठ - 10 हम धरती के लाल (कविता) हिंदी दूर्वा भाग - II

पृष्ठ संख्या: 58

अभ्यास

1. कविता से

नीची लिखी पंक्तियाँ पढ़कर उत्तर दो।

क. "नया संसार बसाएँगे, नया इंसान बनाएँगे।"

      तुम्हारे विचार से नया संसार बसाने और नया इंसान बनाने की जरूरत है या नहीं? कारण भी बताओ।

उत्तर

मेरे विचार से नया संसार बसाने और नया इंसान बनाने की जरूरत नहीं है। हमें खुद में बदलाव लाना होगा। नैतिक मूल्य, अच्छी बातें और ज्ञान अर्जित कर हम अच्छा इंसान बन सकते हैं जिससे हम बेहतर संसार का निर्माण कर सकते हैं।

ख. "रोज त्योहार मनाएँगे।" तुम्हारे विचार से क्या रोज त्योहार मनाना उचित है? क्यों?

उत्तर

मेरे विचार से रोज त्योहार मनाना उचित नहीं है चूँकि त्योहार में लोग अपने काम को छोड़ आनंद में मग्न रहते हैं। अगर हम रोज त्योहार मनाएँगे तो लोग काम नहीं कर पाएँगे और उनका समय बर्बाद होगा। लोगों के जीवन में धीरे-धीरे आनंद समाप्त हो जाएगा। रोज त्योहार मनाने से इनका महत्व भी खत्म हो जाएगा।

ग. "सौ-सौ स्वर्ग उतर आएँगे, सूरज सोना बरसाएँगे। दूध पूत के लिए बदल देंगे तारों की चाल"
क्या ऊपर लिखीं बातें संभव हों सकती हैं? कारण भी पता करो।

उत्तर

नहीं, ऊपर लिखीं बातें पूरी तरह से संभव नहीं हो सकती हैं चूँकि सूरज एक गैस का गोला है, उससे सोना नहीं बरस सकता है। अगर हम मेहनत करें तो हम धरती पर सौ स्वर्ग उतारने के जगह इसे स्वर्ग बना सकते हैं। हम तारों की चाल नहीं बदल सकते हैं।

घ. कवि 'हम धरती के लाल' ही क्यों कहना चाहते हैं?

उत्तर

कवि मनुष्य और धरती के सम्बन्ध को स्थापित करने के लिए हमें 'धरती का लाल' कहना चाहते हैं। वे चाहते हैं कि हम धरती के प्रति अपनी जिम्मेदारियों को निभाएँ।

2. वाक्य बनाओ

'सुख-स्वपनों के स्वर गूँजेंगे।'
इसमें 'स' अक्षर बार-बार आया है।
तुम भी नीचे लिखे वर्णों से वाक्य बनाओ। ध्यान रखो कि उस वर्ण से शुरू होने वाले तीन शब्द तुम्हारे वाक्य में हों।

क. क  ............................
ख. त   ............................
ग. द   ............................

उत्तर

क. कथनी और करनी में कितना फर्क था?
ख. तुम्हारी तबियत कब तक ठीक होगी?
ग. दस का दम देखा है मैंने।

पृष्ठ संख्या: 59

3. शब्द सज्जा

क. 'हम नया भूगोल बनाएँगे।'
ऊपर लिखी पंक्ति में भूगोल शब्द की जगह और कौन-कौन से शब्द आ सकते हैं?
नीचे दिए गए बॉक्स में से छाँटो और कुछ शब्द स्वयं सोचकर लिखो।

संसार, कल्पना, पौधा, चेतना, ज़माना, दुनिया, इतिहास

उत्तर

संसार, दुनिया, इतिहास, विश्व, देश

ख. नीचे लिखे शब्दों को तुम्हारे घर की भाषा में क्या कहते हैं?

क. देश
► देश

ख. धरती
► पृथ्वी

ग. दूध
► दूध

घ. जनता
► लोग

ड़. त्योहार
► पर्व

च. इंसान
► मनुष्य

4. सोचो और बताओ

कवि एक नया संसार बसाना चाहता है जहाँ मानव की मेहनत पूजी जाए, जहाँ जनता में एकता हो, जहाँ सब समान हों, जहाँ सभी सुखी हों। तुम्हें अपने संसार में ऊपर लिखीं बातें नज़र आतीं हैं या नहीं? इन बातों के होने या ना होने का क्या कारण है?

उत्तर

नहीं, हमारे संसार में ऊपर लिखीं बातें पूरी तरह से नज़र नहीं आतीं। कई लोग मेहनत करने के बावजूद पीछे रह जाते हैं। यहाँ आपस में लोग झगड़ा कर रहे हैं। कोई व्यक्ति बहुत धनवान हो तो किसी को भोजन भी प्राप्त नहीं हो रहा है। यहाँ सभी लोग सुखी नहीं हैं इसलिए दंगे-फ़साद भी हो रहे हैं।

ख. तुम भी अपने संसार के बारे में कल्पनाएँ जरूर करते होंगे। अपने सपने की दुनिया के बारे में बताओ।

उत्तर

हाँ, मेरी भी अपने सपनों की दुनिया है। वह दुनिया पूरी तरह से प्रदुषण मुक्त है। चारों तरफ पेड़-पौधे लगे हैं। कोई व्यक्ति भूखा नहीं है और सभी लोग समान हैं।

5. कैसे

बताओ तुम ये काम कैसे करोगे? शिक्षक से भी सहायता लो।

क. समय को राह दिखाना
► हम अपने कामों की समय सारणी बनाकर तय वक्त में उस काम को खत्म कर सकते हैं। आने वाले वक्त की योजना बना सकते हैं। इस तरह हम समय को राह दिखा सकते हैं।

ख. जनता को एक करना
►हम लोगों को मिलजुलकर रहना सिखाकर जनता को एक कर सकते हैं।

ग. तारों की चाल बदल देना
► हम अपनी मेहनत से अपनी किस्मत बदल कर तारों की चाल सकते हैं।

घ. नया भूगोल बनाना
► लोगों को एकजुट कर विश्व की रेखा बदल देंगे जिससे एक नया भूगोल बनेगा।

ड़. नया इंसान बनाना
► अपनी बुरी आदतों को दूर कर तथा कमियों को पूरा कर हम एक नया इंसान बन सकते हैं।

पाठ में वापिस जाएँ

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 4 The Old-Clock Shop English

April 29, 2016, 9:36 pm

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 4 The Old-Clock Shop A Pact with the Sun English

Page No: 14

Questions

1. What made Ray think the visitor was not really a shopper?

Answer

Ray old, wise eyes told him that this was not a shopper because there was no sign of friendliness in his eyes and his other friend remained at the door.

2. Why do you think he had come to the shop?

Answer

I thought he was down on his luck and had come to rob Ray's shop.

3. How did Ray communicate with him?

Answer

Ray communicated with him by writing his messages on notepad with pencil because he was deaf and dumb. The visitor also replied by doing the same process.

4. What do you think the man said to his friend who waited at the door?

Answer

I think the man said that the shop owner is deaf and dumb to his friend who waited at the door.

5. Ray was not a pawnbroker. Why then did he lend money to people in exchange for their old watches and clocks?

Answer

He lend money to people in exchange for their old watches and clocks because he was kind hearted. He couldn’t say ‘No’ to the needy people who placed their old watches or clocks before him for anything they could get.

6. “The watch was nothing special and yet had great powers.” In what sense did it have ‘great powers’?

Answer

“The watch was nothing special and yet had great powers.” because it can be exchanged for money and pull out a person from bad situation. Also, it saved Mr. Ray from getting any physical injury and robbery.

7. Do you think the man would ever come back to pick up the watch?

Answer

Yes, i think that the man would return to pick up the watch. Before leaving the shop, he himself wrote that he would return to pick up the watch and also he was grateful to Mr. Ray and must be touched by his kindness.

8. When did “the unfriendly face” of the visitor turn truly friendly?

Answer

The unfriendly face of the visitor turn truly friendly when Ray gave him fifty dollar note for his ordinary watch which was not worth that much. Also, he was surprised to know that Mr. Ray was deaf and dumb and ready to help him.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 5 Tansen English

April 29, 2016, 10:43 pm

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 5 Tansen A Pact with the Sun English

Page No: 19

Questions

1. Why did Swami Haridas say Tansen was ‘talented’?

Answer

Swami Haridas said Tansen was ‘talented’ because he frighten the little group by roaring exactly like tiger and even Swami Haridas was not able to differentiate between the sound.

2. Why did Akbar ask Tansen to join his court?

Answer

Akbar asked Tansen to join his court because he was very famous and Akbar was very impressed by his music.

3. How do we know that Akbar was fond of Tansen? Give two reasons.

Answer

Akbar was fond of Tansen because:
(i) Akbar would call upon Tansen to sing at any time during the day or night.
(ii) He would just walk into Tansen’s house to hear him practice.

4. What did the other courtiers feel about Tansen?

Answer

The other courtiers became jealous of Tansen and wanted to ruin him. They also confessed Akbar that he is not a great singer and made him sung Raga Deepak which

5. (i) What happens if Raga Deepak is sung properly?
(ii) Why did Tansen’s enemies want him to sing the Raga?

 Answer

(i) If Raga Deepak is sung properly it makes the air so hot that the singer is burnt to ashes and die eventually.
(ii) Tansen’s enemies want him to sing the Raga because he was a good singer and if he sings Raga Deepak then he will die and they will get rid of him.

6. Why did Tansen agree to sing Raga Deepak?

Answer

Tansen agrred to sing Raga Deepak because he could not disobey Emperor Akbar.

7. (i) What steps did he take to save himself?
(ii) Did his plan work? How?

Answer

(i) He took two steps to save himself. Firstly, he asked for some time to prepare himself from the Emperor and secondly, he taught his daughter, Saraswati and her friend, Rupvati to sing Raga Megh.

(ii) Yes, his plannned work. When he started singing Raga Deepak, the air became hot, flames shot up and water in the rivers began to boil and just then Saraswati and Rupvati began to sing Raga Megh. It makes the weather cloudy and rained and saved Tansen.

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Notes of Ch 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources| Class 8th Geography

May 2, 2016, 1:28 am

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Study Material and Notes of Ch 1 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources Class 8th Geography

Topics in the Chapter

• Introduction
• Land
→ Land Use
→ Conservation of Land Resource
• Soil
→ Factors of Soil Formation
→ Degradation of Soil
→ Conservation of Soil
• Water
→ Problems of Water Availability
→ Conservation Water Resources
• Natural Vegetation
→ Distribution
→ Conservation
• Wildlife
→ Conservation

Introduction

• Natural Resources are anything that people can use which comes from nature such as land, water, air etc

Land

• One of the most important natural resources

• Covers about thirty percent of the total area of the earth’s surface, however all parts are not habitable.

• The reason behind uneven distribution of population in different parts of the world is mainly due to varied characteristics of land and climate.

• Areas which are normally sparsely populated or uninhabited: rugged topography, steep slopes
of the mountains, low-lying areas susceptible to water logging, desert areas, thick forested areas.

• Areas which are densely populated: Plains and river valleys offer suitable land for agriculture.

Land Use

• The different purpose such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building houses, roads and setting up of industries for which land is used is known as land Use.

• The factors that determine use of land are:
→ Topography
→ Soil
→ Climate
→ Minerals
→ Availability of water

• Important determinants of land use pattern:
→ Human factors such as population
→ Technology

• Land Division on the basis of private land and community land:

→ Private land is owned by individuals

→ Community land is owned by the community for common uses like collection of fodder, fruits, nuts or medicinal herbs. Also called common property resources.

• Population and demands are increasing but land is limited. Many constructional activities are going on also agricultural land is expanding. These are leading to land degradation, landslides, soil erosion, desertification which are major threats to the environment.

Conservation of Land Resources

• Causes of degradation of land resources: Large scale destruction of forest cover and fertile
land due to increasing demand.

• How to check present rate of degradation of land resources:
→ Afforestation
→ Land reclamation
→ Regulated use of chemical pesticide and fertilisers
→ Checks on overgrazing

Soil

• Definition: The thin layer of grainy substance covering the surface of the earth is called soil.

• Soil is made up of organic matter, minerals and weathered rocks found on the earth. Landforms determine the type of soil.

• The right mix of minerals and organic matter make the soil fertile.

Soil Profile

Factors of Soil Formation

• Major Factors:
→ Nature of the parent rock
→ Climate

• Other Factors:
→ Topography
→ Role of organic material
→ Time

Below chart (from NCERT Book) explain the various factors of soil formation:

Degradation of Soil

• Soil erosion and depletion are the major threats to soil as a resource.

• Factors for soil degradation:

→ Deforestation

→ Overgrazing

→ Overuse of chemical fertilisers or pesticides

→ Rain wash

→ Landslides

→ Floods.

Soil Conservation

• Methods of Soil conservation

→ Mulching: The uncovered ground between plants is covered with a layer of organic matter like straw. Helps in retaining soil moisture.

Mulching

→ Contour barriers: Stones, grass, soil are used to build barriers along contours. Trenches(Channels) are made in front of the barriers to collect water.

→ Rock dam: Rocks are piled up to slow down the flow of water. This prevents gullies and further soil loss.

→ Terrace farming: Terraces are developed on the steep slopes so that flat surfaces are available to grow crops which helps in reducing surface run-off and soil erosion.

→ Intercropping: Different crops are grown in alternate rows and are sown at different times to protect the soil from rain wash.

→ Contour ploughing: Ploughing parallel to the contours of a hill slope to form a natural barrier

for water to flow down the slope.

→ Shelter belts: In the coastal and dry regions, rows of trees are planted to check the wind movement to protect soil cover.

Water

• Important and renewable resource.

• Three-Fourth's of earth's surface is covered with water, therefore the earth is called 'water planet'.

• Ocean cover two-thirds of the earth’s surface whose water is saline and not fit for human consumption.

• Fresh water accounts for only about 2.7 percent from which 70 percent occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and mountain regions which are inaccessible.

•  Only 1 percent of freshwater is available and fit for human use which is found as ground water, as surface water in rivers and lakes and as water vapour in the atmosphere.

• Fresh water is therefore, the most precious substance on earth as Water can neither be added nor subtracted from the earth.

• An abundance of water only seems to vary because it is in constant motion, cycling through the oceans, the air, the land and back again, through the processes of evaporation, precipitation and run-off. This is known as Water Cycle.

• Use of water by Humans: not only for drinking and washing but also for agriculture, industries, generating electricity through reservoirs of dams are the other usages.

• Factors responsible for shortages in supply of fresh water:

→ Increasing population

→ Rising demands for food and cash crops

→ Increasing urbanisation 

→ Rising standards of living

These leads to either drying up of water sources or water pollution.

Problems of Water Availability

• Areas facing shortages in fresh water supply: Most of Africa, West Asia, South Asia, parts of western USA, north-west Mexico, parts of South America and entire Australia.

• Water shortage may be a result of variation in seasonal or annual precipitation or the scarcity is caused by over-exploitation and contamination of water sources.

Conservation of Water resources

• Major Contaminants: Discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage, agricultural chemicals and industrial effluents in water bodies.

• How to control Water pollution:
→ Forest and other vegetation slow the surface runoff and replenish underground water.
→ Water harvesting also save surface runoff.
→ The canals should be properly lined to minimise losses by water seepage.
→ Using of sprinklers effectively irrigate the area by checking water losses through seepage and evaporation. In dry regions with high rates of evaporation, drip or trickle irrigation is very useful.

Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

• The narrow zone of contact between the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere where natural vegetation and wildlife exist is called Biosphere.

 • Ecosystem is a network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment living in a specific space.

• Usefulness of Plants:
→ Provide timber
→ Give shelter to animals
→ Produce oxygen we breathe
→ Protects soils so essential for growing crops
→ Act as shelter belts
→ Help in storage of underground water,
→ Provide us fruits, nuts, latex, turpentine oil, gum, medicinal plants and also the paper.

• Wildlife includes animals, birds, insects as well as the aquatic life forms.

• Usefulness of Wildlife:
→ Provide us milk, meat, hides and wool.
→ Insects like bees provide honey
→ Help in pollination of flowers
→ Play important role as decomposers in the ecosystem.
→ Birds feed on insects and act as decomposers as well.

• Vulture due to its ability to feed on dead livestock is a scavenger and considered a vital cleanser of the environment.

Distribution of Natural Vegetation

• The growth of vegetation depends primarily on temperature and moisture.

• Major vegetation types of the world:
→ Forests
→ Grasslands
→ Scrubs
→ Tundra

• Heavy rainfall = Huge Trees. Forests flourish in the areas having abundant water supply.

• As the amount of moisture decreases the size of trees and their density reduces.

• In the regions of moderate rainfall short stunted trees and grasses grow forming the grasslands of the world.

• In dry areas of low rainfall, thorny shrubs and scrubs grow which have deep roots and leaves have thorny and waxy surface to reduce loss of moisture by transpiration.

• Tundra vegetation of cold Polar Regions comprise of mosses and lichens.

• Division of forests depending on when they shed their leaves:

→ Evergreen forests: do not shed their leaves simultaneously in any season of the year.

→ Deciduous forests shed their leaves in a particular season to conserve loss of moisture through transpiration.

• Deciduous Forests further classified on their location in different latitudes.

→ Tropical

→ Temperate

• Forest cover all over the world is vanishing rapidly.

Conservation of Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

• Plants give shelter to the animals and together they maintain the ecosystem.

• Changes of climate and human interferences can cause the loss of natural habitats for the plants and animals.

• Many species have become vulnerable or endangered and some are on the verge of extinction.

• Factors (Natural and Man-made) responsible for the process of extinction of great natural resources:

→ Deforestation

→ Soil erosion

→ Constructional activities

→ Forest fires

→ Tsunami and landslides

• Poaching activities are also increasing that result in a sharp decline in the number of particular species. The animals are poached for collection and illegal trade of hides, skins, nails, teeth, horns as well as feathers.

→ Some animals who are poached: Tiger, lion, elephant, deer, black buck, crocodile, rhinoceros, snow leopard, ostrich and peacock.

• Measures for Natural Vegetation and Wildlife:

→ National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves are made to protect our natural vegetation and wildlife.

→ Conservation of creeks, lakes, and wetlands is necessary to save the precious resource from depletion.

→ Awareness programmes like social forestry and Vanamohatasava should be encouraged at the regional and community level.

→ School children should be encouraged for bird watching and visiting nature camps so that they appreciate the habitat of varied species.

→ Killing and Hunting of birds and animals should be banned.

• In India, killing of lions, tigers, deers, great Indian bustards and peacocks have been banned.

• An international convention CITES has been established that lists several species of animals and birds in which trade is prohibited.

Glossary

• Weathering: The breaking up and decay of exposed rocks, by temperature changes, frost action, plants, animals and man.

• National Park: A natural area designated to protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for present and future generations.

NCERT Solutions of Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

Extra Question of Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 6 The Monkey and the Crocodile English

May 2, 2016, 2:01 am

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 6 The Monkey and the Crocodile A Pact with the Sun English

Page No: 24

Questions

1. The monkey was happy living in the fruit tree, but his happiness was not complete. What did he miss?

Answer

The monkey missed a friend with whom he can talk to and share the fruits with.

2. What did the two friends generally talk about?

Answer

They talked about birds and animals and the difficulties faced by the villagers nearby in raising good crops for lack of rain.

3. Why was the crocodile’s wife annoyed with her husband one day?

Answer

The crocodile’s wife annoyed of waiting for the crocodile to come home and in managing the little crocodiles that had just been hatched.

4. Why was the crocodile unwilling to invite his friend home?

Answer

The crocodile was unwilling to invite his friend home because his wife wanted to eat the monkey’s heart but he was very fond of his friend and doesn't want to kill him.

5. What did the crocodile tell the monkey midstream?

Answer

The crocodile told the monkeys that his wife wanted to eat his heart.

6. How did the monkey save himself?

Answer

The monkey said that he forgot his heart on the tree and asked the crocodile to swim back to bring the heart from there.

7. What does the last sentence of the story suggest? What would the crocodile tell his wife?

Answer

The last sentence of the story suggested that the crocodile was really sad for betraying his friend and shed the true tears from his eyes. This suggest that relationship of friendship must be built on trust and one should never betray in friendship.
The crocodile tell his wife that he was foolish that he listened to her and spoiled his friendship with the monkey.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: पाठ - 14 पानी और धूप (कविता) हिंदी

May 3, 2016, 12:24 am

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NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: पाठ - 14 पानी और धूप (कविता) हिंदी दूर्वा भाग - II

पृष्ठ संख्या: 81

अभ्यास

1. सही शब्द चुनकर वाक्य पूरा करो

कहाँ से, किसने, क्यों, क्या, किससे, किसको

क. सूरज ने ............ बंद कर दिया अपने घर का दरवाजा।
► क्यों

ख. बादल है ............ काका।
► किसके

 ग. बरसने लगा ............ यह पानी।
► क्यों

घ. ............ फोड़ घड़े बादल के की है इतनी शैतानी।
► किसने

ड़. ............. डाँट रहे हैं .............. कहना नहीं सुना माँ का।
► किसको, किसने

2. इन पंक्तियों से बारिश के बारे में क्या पता चलता है?

नमूना →सूरज की माँ ने उसको बुला लिया।
               ऐसा लगता है कि आसमान में सूरज नज़र नहीं आ रहा होगा।

क. सूरज ने अपने घर का दरवाज़ा बंद कर लिया।
► ऐसा लगता है कि सूरज बादलों में छिप गया होगा।

ख. काका किसी को ज़ोर-ज़ोर से डाँट रहे हैं।
► ऐसा लगता है कि बादल गरज रहे होंगे।

ग. आँगन में तलवार चल रही है।
► ऐसा लगता है कि आसमान में बिजली कड़कने से चिंगारी उठ रही होगी।

3. कविता में ढूँढो

क. किन पंक्तियों से पता चलता है कि इस कविता में माँ-बेटी या माँ-बेटे के बीच बातचीत हो रही है।

उत्तर

अगर चाहती हो माँ काका

जाएँ अब न जेलखाना

तो फिर बिजली के घर मुझको

तुम जल्दी से पहुँचाना।
काका जेल न जाएँगे अब
तुझे मँगा दूँगी तलवार
पर बिजली के घर जाने का
अब मत करना कभी विचार।

ख. यह कविता आज़ादी मिलने से पहले के समय में लिखी गई थी। उस समय हमारे देश पर अंग्रेज़ों का राज था। किन पंक्तियों से पता चलता है कि लड़का/लड़की के काका स्वतंत्रता सेनानी थे?

उत्तर

पुलिसमैन अपने काका कोफिर न पकड़ने आएँगे
देखेंगे तलवार दूर से ही
वे सब डर जाएँगे।

4. रिक्त स्थान भरो

नमूना →काका जेल नजाएँगे अब

               अब मतकरना कभी विचार

               माँ वे सीख नहींपाए

न, मत, नहीं का इस्तेमाल किसी काम के मनाही के लिए किया गया है। तुम नीचे लिखे वाक्यों में 'न', 'मत', 'मना' और नहीं भरो।

क. तुम वहाँ .......... जाओ।

► मत

ख. परीक्षा में ......... जो रामू फेल हुआ ......... ही असलम।

► न, न 

ग. मुझे इस प्रश्न का उत्तर ........... पता।

► नहीं

घ. माँ ने मुझे छत पर जाने से ............ किया है।

► मना

पृष्ठ संख्या: 82

5. कविता के अनुसार

क. सूरज को उसकी माँ ने क्यों बुला लिया?

उत्तर

सूरज की माँ ने उसको इसलिए बुला लिया क्योंकि बारिश होने लगी थी।

ख. बादल काका ज़ोर-ज़ोर से क्यों डाँट रहे हैं?

उत्तर

बादल काका इसलिए डाँट रहे हैं क्योंकि बच्चों ने माँ का कहना नहीं माना।

ग. बिजली के बच्चों के वार खाली क्यों जा रहे हैं?

उत्तर

बिजली के बच्चों के वार इसलिए खाली जा रहे हैं क्योंकि उन्होंने अभी तलवार ठीक तरीके से चलाना नहीं सिखा है।

घ. लड़की बिजली के घर क्यों जाना चाहती है?

उत्तर

लड़की बिजली के घर उसके बच्चों को तलवार सिखाने के लिए जाना चाहती है।

ड़. बिजली के घर में तलवार चलाना कौन सीख रहा है?

उत्तर

बिजली के घर में तलवार चलाना उसके बच्चे सीखे रहे हैं।

6. पता करो

क. कुछ ऐसे देशभक्तों के नाम पता करके लिखो जो बचपन से ही आज़ादी की लड़ाई में कूद पड़े थे।

उत्तर

 भगत सिंह, सुखदेव, चन्द्रशेखर आज़ाद, खुदीराम बोस।

ख. जब बच्ची अपनी माँ से सब बातें कर रही थी, उस समय का आसमान और मौसम कैसा रहा होगा? अपनी कल्पना से बताओ। (संकेत - धूप, सूरज, बादल, धरती, बिजली, लोगों की परेशानियाँ आदि)

उत्तर

उस समय में सूरज बादलों में छिप गया होगा। आसमान में काले बादल छाये होंगे। चारों ओर अँधेरा छा गया होगा। बारिश की छोटी-छोटी बूँदें टपक रही होगीं।आकाश में बादल गरज रहे होगें। बिजली चमक रही होगी। लोग अपने घरों की ओर तेज़ी से बढ़ रहे होगें।

ग. कविता में आया है कि सूरज की माँ ने उसे घर के भीतर बुला लिया। पता करो कि क्या सूरज की भी माँ होती होगी?

उत्तर

सूरज एक गैस का गोला है। यह हीलियम, हाइड्रोजन और अन्य गैसों से बना हुआ है। चूँकि सूरज कोई जीवित चीज़ नहीं इसलिए उसकी माँ नहीं  हो सकती।

7. आजादी की बात

क. "तब माँ कोई कर न सकेगा
       अपने ऊपर अत्याचार।"
कविता की इस पंक्ति में किस अत्याचार की बात की जा रही है? वे किस तरह के अत्याचार करते थे?

उत्तर

कविता की इस पंक्ति में गुलामी के समय अंग्रेज़ों द्वारा देशवासियों पर किये गए अत्याचार की बात की जा रही है। अंग्रेज़ों ने भारतीयों को आर्थिक, शारीरिक तथा मानसिक रूप से प्रताड़ित किया। वे भारत की वस्तुओं को अपने देश भेज रहे थे। विरोध करने पर वे भारतीयों को जेल में डाल देते तथा कई प्रकार की यातनाएँ देते। 'फूट डालो, राज करो' की राजनीति पर चलते हुए वे लोगों की बीच दंगे करवाते।

8. घर की बात

"बिजली के आँगन में अम्मा........ "

इसमें जो आँगन है वह घर के बाहर के हिस्से को कहा गया है। घर के इन भागों को तुम अपनी भाषा में क्या कहते हो?

कमरा ----------

► रूम

बरामदा ----------

► गलियारा

रसोई ----------

► किचन

छत ----------

► छत

बैठक ----------

► बैठक 

स्नानघर ----------

► बाथरूम

जीना ----------

► जीना

शौचालय ----------

► वॉशरूम

(घर के इन भागों के नाम छात्र अपने भाषा में दें।)

पृष्ठ संख्या: 83

9. कविता बनाओ

नीचे कविता में से कुछ पंक्तियाँ दी गई हैं। कविता की अगली पंक्तियाँ स्वयं बनाओ। ध्यान रखो, कविता में से देखकर नहीं लिखना।

नमूना →ज़ोर-ज़ोर से गरज रहे हैं।

              तड़ तड़ तड़ तड़ बरस रहे हैं। 

(क) तब माँ कोई कर न सकेगा

► हम बच्चों पर अत्याचार

(ख) बिजली के आँगन में अम्माँ

► संग खेलेंगे हम

(ग) किसने फोड़ घड़े बादल के

► किसने पानी बरसाई

पाठ में वापिस जाएँ

Notes of Development of Phy. Edu. - Post Independence| Class 11th Physical Education

May 4, 2016, 1:02 am

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Study Material and Notes of Development of Phy. Edu. - Post Independence Class 11th Physical Education

After independence in 1947, the Government of India taken various measures for development of Physical Education. Various organisations were set up and steps were taken to improve the condition of Physical Education.

• In 1948, National Credit Corps (NCC) and Auxiliary Credit Corps (ACC) at school and college levels were introduced.

• The Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and Recreation (CABPER): This committee was set up in 1950 by Government of India. The Board advised the government on various issues for the development of Physical Education in India.

Various recommendations made by the Board:

→ Development training of leaders in Physical Education
→ Institution of Scholarship for research in Physical Education
→ Conduct of National Physical Efficiency Drive
→ Conducting seminar on Physical Education
→ Providing financial assistance to the colleges of Physical Education
→ Providing directions to the state governments for affecting the organization of Physical Education in their respective states.

• Rajkumari Coaching Scheme: This scheme was introduced by the Government of India in 1953 with the aim of training good athletes and sportsmen. The scheme received wide popularity since famous players like Major. Dhyan Chand, Dr. Ram Singh were working under this scheme.

• All India Council of Sports: Union Ministry of Education formed AICS in 1953 with the purpose of establishing a link between Central Government and various sports associations and federations. This council facilitates financial assistance to these federations and check proper utilisation of funds. It worked on many programmes to raise the standards of sports.

• National Discipline Scheme: This scheme was introduced in 1954 by the Ministry of Rehabilitation under the guidance of General J. K. Bhonsle with the aim of building strong youth of the nation. The scheme inculcated discipline and imparted training in mass drill among the younger generation in the refugee camps and colonies. In 1958, this scheme was transferred to the Ministry of Education and was enlarged to cover a number of high schools.

• In 1956, A National Syllabus of Physical Activities was formed.

• In 1957, Lakshmibai College of Physical Education, Gwalior was set up by the Government of India. The college started a three-year degree course in Physical Education.
→ In 1973, the institute was given the status of National importance, therefore, it was renamed as Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education (LNCPE).
→ In 1982, it was given the status of an ’Autonomous College’.
→ In 1995, it was given the status of a “Deemed to be University' and was again renamed as Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (LNIPE).

• Adhoc Inquiry Committee: In 1958, Adhoc Inquiry committee was set up a to make an inquiry about India’s poor performance and downward slide in Olympic games. It suggested many ways to improve the standards of Indian competitions in all games and sports such as appropriate training and a special diet for players.

• Kunzru Committee: In 1959, Government of India appointed a Co-ordination Committee, under the chairmanship of Dr. Hirdya Math Kunzuru, to examining the various schemes for Physical Education, recreation, character building and discipline operating in Educational Institutions, and to recommend measure for the proper Co-ordination.

• National Physical Efficiency Drive (NPED): It was launched by Ministry of Education in 1959-60 with the sole aim of motivating citizens to raise interest in physical fitness. The plan consisted of certain items of Physical Efficiency tests which prescribed standards for achievement.

• In 1961, According to the recommendations of the Adhoc-Enquiry Committee of 1958 the National Institute of Sports (NIS) was established by the Government of India in 1961 at state Bagh, Palance, Patiala. In 1973, this institute was renamed as Netaji Subhash National Institute of Sports (NSNIS).

• Kaul Kapoor Committee: This committee consisted of two members of All India Council of Sports by Government of India. The committee analyze Olympic Games held in Rome in 1961 and submitted it reports in 1963. It said Physical Education as the base for the development of interest in Games and Sports. It considered Physical Education as a part of general education in schools and colleges. It should be one of the subjects in the Universities for graduates.

• Kothari Commission: This committee was constituted in 1964. As per this commission:
→ Physical education not only aims at physical fitness but also has educational values. It contributes to physical efficiency, mental alertness and the development of certain qualities like perseverance, team spirit, leadership and obedience to rules.
→  At the pre-primary and early primary stages, the syllabus should aim at developing among children the mastery over basic skills, such as walking properly, running, throwing, etc.
→ At the secondary stage, the syllabus may contain sports, games and athletics in their standard form.
→ After the primary stage, the syllabus should be planned separately for boys and girls. Rhythmic activities will have an appeal for girls, less strenuous games, such as badminton, throw-ball, etc.

• In 1965, Committee on Physical Education under the chairmanship of C.D. Deshmukh set up by University Grants Commission for removing inadequacies in and raising the standards of Physical Education. The committee examine the present facilities for the same in Indian Universities and colleges. The committee suggested that the universities and colleges must be provided better infrastructural facilities and coaching programs.

• Sports Authority of India (SAI): Asian Games were held successfully in New Delhi in 1982. After this, Department of Sports, Govt. of India formed Sports Authority of India on 25th January 1984. This organization was formed to increase and raise the standards of sports in India. The SAI undertook the responsibilities to maintain and utilize grounds which were constructed/renovated for the IXth Asian Games held in 1982. It also implement programmes for achieving excellence in sports in different disciplines at international level. It also produces and manages sports coaches, educators and teachers and lookout other issues such as promotion and management of sports.

• National Policy of Education 1986 emphasized the importance of Physical Education in following ways:

→ Sports and Physical Educations are an integral part of the learning process, and will be included in the evaluation of performance.

→ A Nation-wide infrastructure for Physical Education, Sports and games will be built into the educational edifice. The infrastructure will consist of play fields, equipment, coaches and teachers of Physical Education as part of the school improvement programme.

→ Available open spaces in urban areas will be reserved for playgrounds.

→ Effects will be made to established sports Institution and hostels where specialized attention will be given to sports activities and sports related studies, along with normal education.
→ Appropriate encouragement will be given to those talented in games and sports.

→ Effects will be made to introduce Yoga in all schools and also in teacher training courses.

→ It also recommended for a minimum of 10 periods per week for Physical Education activities in low primary and upper primary stages, and 7 periods per week at the second stage.

• National Council o EducationalResearch and Training (NCERT): The NCERT developed the National Curriculum for Elementary and Secondary school in 1988. The Health and Physical Education and sports included in the core curriculum. 

• NCERT put formed a revised curriculum for school education and in 1992 and its revised edition is Nov. 2000. under the title National Curriculum Frame Work for School Education. In this curriculum include. Health and Physical Education as one of the core subjects in all levels of school educations.

• Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports: An independent ministry was made on 27th May 2000. It has two separate departments named Department of Youth Affairs and Department of Sports. The role of Department of Sports is to create the infrastructure and promote capacity building for broad-basing sports as well as for achieving excellence in various competitive events at the national and international levels.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 7 The Wonder Called Sleep A Pact with the Sun English

Page No: 24

Questions

1. What is the most obvious advantage of sleep?

Answer

It helps our body and brain to recover from fatigue.

2. What happens to our body when we sleep?

Answer

(i) our body recovers from fatigue.
(ii) our muscles relax.
(iii) our heartbeat becomes slower.
(iv) our temperature and blood pressure go down.
(v) brain slows down.

3. Define a dream in your own words.

Answer

A dream is series of thoughts or mental activity during sleep.

4. Why are dreams important? Mention two reasons.

Answer

(i) Dream help us to sleep through noise or other disturbances.
(ii) It can provide a key to the solution of those problems.

5. Why has sleep been called a wonder?

Answer

Sleep has been called a wonder because it reveals something's about problems but cannot tell the future. It takes us to an imaginary world and help us in sleeping.

6. Describe briefly to the class an improbable dream you have had.

Answer

I had dream about a very powerful magician who can fly over clouds, across sea and mountains over his broom stick. He used to wear a long pointed cap and black long coat. In the start of dream, i was not able to see his face clearly. He can talk to trees, animals and birds and can transport anyone anywhere. One day, he was flying in the sky on his stick and i saw that this magician was me. Suddenly, he lost his balance and fell from the stick and was falling very rapidly towards the ground but i woke up and lost my dream.

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Notes of Ch 1 Basics of Internet| Computer Class 9th

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Study Material and Notes of Chapter 1 Basics of Internet Computer Science Class 9th

Internet

• Internet: It is a global network of computer networks. It comprises of millions of computing devices that carry and transfer volumes of information from one device to the other.

WWW

• History of World Wide Web (WWW):

→ Invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989.

→ By the end of 1990, the first Web page was served. 

→ In April 1993, the World Wide Web technology was available for anyone to use on a royalty-free basis.

• Definition of WWW: The World Wide Web (WWW) is an internet based service, which uses common set of rules known as Protocols, to distribute documents across the Internet in a standard way.

Difference between Internet and WWW

• The Internet is a massive network of networks. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet. Information that travels over the Internet does so via a variety of languages known as protocols.

• The World Wide Web or simply Web, is a massive collection of digital pages to access information over the Internet. The Web uses the HTTP protocol, to transmit data and allows applications to communicate in order to exchange business logic. The Web also uses browsers, such as Internet Explorer, Google Chrome etc. to access Web pages that are linked to each other via hyperlinks.

Search Engines

• Definition: Search engines are the programs which are needed to extract the information from the internet.

• Working of Search Engines:

→ Web crawling: Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages. These pages are retrieved by the program known as Web crawler - which follows every link on the site. Web crawler may also be called a Web spider.

→ Indexing: Indexing also known as web indexing, it stores data to facilitate fast and accurate information retrieval. It is done by program called Indexer.

→ Searching: A web search query fetches the result from the web search engine entered by the user to meet his information needs.

• Examples: Google, Yahoo, Bing, Ask

Web Server

• Definition: A server is a computer that provides data to other computers. The entire structure of the Internet is based upon a client-server model.

• Uses:
→ The most common use of web servers is to host websites.
→ The web server also deliver web pages to clients.

• The communication between the client node and server node takes place using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

Server Software

• A web server commonly known as HTTP server or application server is a program that serves content using the HTTP protocol.

• The server content served by the web server can be static content or dynamic content.

• Different Server Software:

→ Apache web server - the HTTP web server: This is free and open source web server and can be installed and made to work on almost all operating systems including Linux, Unix, Windows, FreeBSD, Mac OS X and more. Almost, 60% of the web server machines run the Apache web server.

→ Apache Tomcat: This is free and open source web server that can run on different operating systems like Linux, Unix, Windows, Mac OS X, Free BSD. It was developed to support servlets and JSP scripts. It can serve as a standalone server.

→ Lighttpd: It is a free and open source web server distributed with the FreeBSD operating system. This is fast, secure and consumes much less CPU power. Lighttpd can also run on Windows,
Mac OS X, Linux and Solaris operating systems.

→ Jigsaw: Jigsaw (W3C’s Server) is introduced by the World Wide Web Consortium. It is open source and free and can run on various platforms like Linux, Unix, Windows, Mac OS X Free BSD etc. Jigsaw is written in Java thus can run CGI scripts and PHP programs.

Services Provided by the Servers

• Many of the servers are based on Cloud computing which is popular amongst the researchers, scientists & entrepreneurs.

• Cloud Computing is distributed computing over a network, and has the ability to run a program or application on many connected computers at the same time.

• Various services provided by the Web server are:

→ Cost Efficient: Web server is the most cost efficient method to use, maintain and upgrade. ALso, one-time-payment, pay-as-you-go and other scalable options available, which makes it very reasonable for the company.

→ Resource Sharing: Web Server has the capability to store unlimited information such as Google Drives, Cloud computing etc. The space where the data can be stored is shared by the other users at the same time like hard disk can be shared on physical network as LAN.

→ Data Sharing: With the help of web servers one can easily access the information from anywhere, where there is an Internet connection using Google docs such as Documents, Excel sheets, Drawings, Powerpoint presentations etc.

→ Backup and Recovery: The entire process of backup and recovery much simpler than other traditional methods of data storage.

Types of Server

• Mail Server: Mail Servers provides a centrally-located pool of disk space for network users to store and share various documents in the form of emails.

• Application Server: An application server acts as a set of components accessible to the software developer through an API defined by the platform itself.

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Server: FTP uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server. FTP users may authenticate themselves in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it.

• Database Server: A database server is a computer program that provides database services to other computer programs or computers using client-server model.

• Domain Name System (DNS) Server: A name server is a computer server that hosts a network service for providing responses to queries.

→ Function fo DNS Server:
♣ Primary function is to translate human- memorable domain names and hostnames into the corresponding numeric Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.
♣ The secondary function of DNS is to recognize a name space of the Internet, used to identify and locate computer systems and resources on the Internet.

Web Site

• Definition: The collection of web pages on the World Wide Web that is accessed by its own Internet address is called a Web site.

• Difference between Website and Portal

→ Web portal is a medium by which users access the resources, while a website is a destination in itself.

→ Portals and websites are distinct entities which are linked together, but they should not replace each other.

→ A website is also a portal, if it broadcast information from different independent resources where as Web Portal refers to a website or services that provide varied resources and services such as email, forums, search engines and online shopping malls.

Components of Website

• Contents of a Web Page: A webpage of a website must contain the basic elements such as Page title, URL, file name, header, footer, navigation, web page content are all parts to the composition of a web page.

• Website Graphics: Always use web graphics which have been optimized for optimum download speed, as the web hosting space affects the performance of the website.

• Heading of the site: Headings in a website play a crucial role as they not only present a clear structure of the web page to the audience and help the search engines to retrieve the required information.

• Effective Colour Contrast: It is very important to use that colour scheme that must not have any difficulty in reading a web page. 

Elements of Website

• Good Visual Design: A site must be appealing and if required, must be professional. Your site reflects your company, your products and your services.

• Screen Resolution: We need to make sure website looks good in all screen resolutions.

• Colour Scheme & Text Formatting: To make the website presentable appropriate colour scheme must be used. We need to use 2 or 3 primary colours that reflect the purpose of site. Add contrast colours in your site, which helps the user to easily read the text. Use fonts that are easy to read and available and maintain appropriate font size.

• Insert Meaningful Graphics: Graphics are important, as they provide the site a legible and interactive appearance. We must ensure that images fit in website and they load quickly. Also, don' use too many images with less text.

• Simplicity: Keep your site simple and allow for adequate white space. Don’t overload your site with complex design, animation, or other effects to impress your viewers.

• Relevant Content: Include relevant information along with style, to help the visitors to make a decision.

• Navigation: Keep your site simple and well organized. Don't use fancy menus and place all the menu items at the top of your site. Include Site Maps in your site to reduce the number of top level navigation items. Every component of your site should work quickly and correctly.

• Minimal Scroll: Use less scrolling as  users do not like scrolling the page instead they need to see all the information on one screen.

• Consistent Layout: Always use a consistent layout in the whole website which will help you to retain the theme of the site.

• Cross-platform/browser Compatibility: Create a website which should be platform independent as many web browsers are being used by the users.

Construction of Website

• Step 1- Hosting: The first step in constructing a website is to decide about the web hosting provider for your site. Choose between free and paid hosts.

• Step 2 - Domain Name: You can plan your website using a domain name and without using a domain name. A domain name provides extra branding for your site and makes it easier for people to remember the URL.

• Step 3 - Plan Your Website: After deciding the domain and your URL, you can start planning your site. You need to decide the audience aimed at. 

• Step 4 - Build Your Website Page by Page: For building a website you need to work on one page at a time.

• Step 5 - Publish Your Website: After the completion of the design now it is the time to publish your website on web. 

• Step 6 - Promote Your Website: There are many ways to promote a website such as web search engine, word of mouth, email, and advertising.

• Step 7 - Maintain Your Website: It is the last step of constructing a site which helps in keeping your site updated with the latest trends of market.

Software used to Create Website:

• CoffeeCup Free HTML Editor

• Notepad++

• PageBreeze

• Firebug

• Bluefish Editor

• Brackets

• KompoZer

• OpenBEXI

• GIMP

• BlueGriffon

WebPage

• Definition: A Web page also known as Electronic Page, is a part of the World Wide Web. It is the basic unit of every Web site. It is a combination of text and graphics.

• Static Web Page: Also called flat page or stationary page. It is a web page that is delivered to the user exactly as stored. A static web page displays the same information for all users, such versions are available and the server is configured to do so.

• Dynamic Web Page: It is a web page which needs to be refreshed every time whenever it

opens in any of the web browsers to display the updated content of the site.

• How Web Page works: 

→ The server receives the request for a page sent by your browser.
→ The browser connects to the server through an IP Address; the IP address is obtained by translating the domain name.
→ In return, the server sends back the requested page.

• Difference between Webpage and Website: 

A web page is one single page of information, while a website is made up of a number of different web pages connected by links known as Hyperlinks.

Web Browser

• A browser is a software that lets you view web pages, graphics and the online content.

• What browsers do: Browser software convert HTML and XML into readable documents.

• Examples: Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, Safari, Opera and UC Browser.

• Tool Bar: The Tool Bar is much like the Menu Bar stretching from left to right across the top of the screen.

→ Back button : Helps to open the previously opened website.

→ Back history : Helps to bring up a list of the sites visited.

→ Forward button : This button will only be available once you have used the Back button at least once. It helps to take you to the page you just left when you clicked on the Back button.

→ Forward history : That brings up a list of the sites you have visited and then used the Back button to return.

→ Stop : Helps to stop the current download.

→ Refresh : Gives the most recent version of the page that we are on.

→ Home : Helps you to instantly get back home page (first page).

→ Search : Helps to retrieve the specified files using web search engine.
 → Favourites : Helps to open up the most frequently visited sites.
→ History : Helps you to see where you have been on the Internet.

• SSL: The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a protocol, uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Transport Control Protocol (TCP) for managing the security of a message transmission on the Internet.

→ The “sockets” term refers to the sockets method of passing data back and forth between a client and a server program in a network or between program layers in the same computer.

→ SSL uses the public-and-private key encryption system, which also includes the use of a digital certificate.

Blogs

• Definition: A blog is a website like any other, but it is intended to offer personal opinions of people on their hobbies, interests, commentaries, photo blogs, etc.

• Two ways of starting a blog:

→ Free blog hosting: You do not need a server to start your own blog. There are plenty of free, open source blogging software you can install. For example WordPress and Moveable Type.

→ Paid blogging: Purchase space from company for hosting website and the blogger has to pay for the same till the time he is using the available space.

• Category of blogs:

→ Personal blogs

→ News and views

→ Company blogs

→ Micro blogs

• Personal blog: It a way of giving words to your thoughts. A typical blogger may be keen on posting stories about his interests.

• News and views: There are number of news and television companies having professionaljournalists who post stories and views about the latest events. Visitors can comment their opinions as well. BBC is a popular example of the same.

• Company blogs: Many companies run blogs to let their customers and clients know about the new products coming up or progress being made on some project.

• Micro-blogs: This is a new type of blog where you post very short comments that others can follow and a powerful way for professionals to keep in touch with each other. Twitter is the best example.

Bloggers

• A person who writes a blog is simply known as a blogger.

• Features of good blogger:

→ Write unique but meaningful content. Try keeping the language simple and concise and incorporate some surprise elements. Find a topic that would intrigue your readers or an issue that people are looking out for more information.

→ Don’t make it boring. Avoid clichés. Keep your writing informal, if possible funny or quirky and create a perfect balance between keeping the mood light and professional enough to suggest you are serious about your matter.

→ You need to express knowledge in a right way and communicate properly to your readers. Write crisp, short, active sentences with powerful verbs. Ensure that your content is error-free, proofread and edit your work meticulously and only when you are satisfied with it, hit the publish button.

→ The title tempt readers to open the link and leave satisfied but still wanting to know more

about other blogs.

• Advantages of blogging:

→ We can work on blog anytime and anywhere in the world, all you need is your laptop or a desktop computer and wireless internet services.

→ You are your own employee. When blogging, you can blog any time you want to whenever you think of something that is relevant to your blog.

→ As a blogger, you are flexible and can choose to write about anything in the world as long as it benefits you and befits your opinions and thought process.

→ Very quick and easy to set up, do not need much technical knowledge.

→ Easy and quick to update or add new posts. People can leave comments on your blog and you can comment on other persons’ blogs, too.

• Disadvantages of blogging:

→ You need to be patient because you don’t start earning in a single day. Readership takes time to develop within people.

→ Blogging is time-consuming. You need to be disciplined. Finding time to write regular updates can become a chore.

→ You need to be very active as a blogger so that people can read your blog posts.

→ As you know the public to everyone, you need to put a check on your language.

→ There are many very dull blogs around. You may have to look at many before you find some worth reading.

URL

• Definition: URL’s, or ‘uniform resource locators’, are the web browser addresses of internet pages and files.

• Format of a url: Protocol://site address/path/filename

• Parts of URL:

→ Protocol which ends with a ‘//:’

→ Host computer which ends with web extensions such as .com,.org etc.

→ Filename or page name which displays the related information.

• Example: http://www.banks.com/login/password.htm

• An Absolute URL is independent or free from any relationship. It specifies the exact location of a file or directory on the internet. Each absolute URL is unique, which means that if two URLs are identical, they point to the same file.

→  For example: http://www.developers.com/images/hardware.gif

In above URL specifies an image file hardware.gif located in the images directory, under

domain name www.developers.com.

• A Relative URL is targeted to a file or directory in relation to the present file or directory. The relative URLs are shorter than absolute URLs and hence the file size of the web page would reduce, if you use the former.

→ For example:

If we want to include the image file hardware.gif stored in the images directory of www.developers.com domain on this page using an absolute URL. The <img> tag for this image display will be as follows: using a relative url in an <IMG> tag.

<img src=”../images/hardware.gif” width=”...” height=”...” />

Protocols

• Definition: A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communication between computers on a network.

• The most popular protocols used on internet are the World Wide Web, FTP, Telnet, Gopherspace, instant messaging, and email.

• Types of Protocols:

→ TCP/IP: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic point-to-point meaning each communication is from one point (or host computer) in the network to another point or host computer communication protocol on the Internet.

♠ It is used as a communication protocol in all types of networks.

♠ TCP/IP is a two-layer protocol. 

• HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol, is a set of standards that allows users of the World Wide Web to exchange information found on web pages on internet.

♠ It defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands.

♠ The HTTP provides a standard for Web browsers and servers to communicate.

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard protocol used on network to transfer the files from one host computer to another host computer using a TCP based network, such as the Internet.

♠ FTP uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server.

♠ To use FTP server, users need to authenticate themselves using a sign-in protocol, using a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it.

NCERT Solutions of Ch 1 Basics of Internet