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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 5 A Different kind of school English

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 4 A Different kind of school and Where do all the teachers go? (Poem) Honeysuckle English

- E.V. Lucas

Page No: 62

Working with Text

A. Put these sentences from the story in the right order and write them out in a paragraph. Don’t refer to the text.
• I shall be so glad when today is over.
• Having a leg tied up and hopping about on a crutch is almost fun, I guess.
• I don’t think I’ll mind being deaf for a day — at least not much.
• But being blind is so frightening.
• Only you must tell me about things.
• Let’s go for a little walk.
• The other bad days can’t be half as bad as this.

Answer

Let's go for a little walk. Only you must tell me about things. I shall be so glad when today is over. The other bad days can't be half as bad as this. Having a leg tied up and hopping about on a crutch is almost fun, I guess. I don't think I'll mind being deaf for a day - at least not much. But being blind is so frightening.

B. Answer the following questions

1. Why do you think the writer visited Miss Beam’s school? (1)

Answer

The writer visited Miss Beam’s school because he had heard a great deal about the school.

Page No: 63

2. What was the ‘game’ that every child in the school had to play? (9)

Answer

The 'game' that every child in the school had to play was that each term every child had one blind day, one lame day, one deaf day, one injured day and one dumb day.

3.  “Each term every child has one blind day, one lame day…” Complete the line. Which day was the hardest? Why was it the hardest? (9, 11, 15)

Answer

"Each term every child has one blind day, one lame day, one deaf day, one injured day and one dumb day." The dumb day was the hardest because the children's mouths could not be bandaged, so they really had to exercise their will power to remain silent.

4. What was the purpose of these special days? (5, 9)

Answer

The purpose of these special days was to teach the children thoughtfulness - kindness to others, and how to be responsible citizens. These days make the children appreciate and understand misfortune by making them share in the misfortune of others.

Working with language

A. Match the words and phrases with their meanings in the box below.
                               paragraph numbers
1. homesick                        (3)
2. practically                      (4)
3. it pains me                     (7)
4. appreciate                      (9)
5. thoughtless                   (10)
6. exercise                        (11)
7. relief                            (13)
8. ghastly                         (14)

Almost, it hurts me, terrible, test the strength of, understanding the difficulties, wanting to be home, a welcome change, not very caring

Answer

1. homesick - wanting to be home
2. practically - Almost
3. it pains me - it hurts me
4. appreciate - understanding the difficulties
5. thoughtless - not very caring
6. exercise - test the strength of
7. relief - a welcome change
8. ghastly - terrible

B. Re-word these lines from the story:
1. I had heard a great deal about Miss Beam’s school.
2. Miss Beam was all that I had expected — middle-aged, full of authority.
3. I went to the window which overlooked a large garden.
4. “We cannot bandage the children’s mouths, so they really have to exercise their will-power.”

Answer

1. I had come to know a lot about the school run by Miss Beam.
2. Miss Beam was middle-aged authoritative as I had thought her to be.
3. I walked towards a window from which one could see a garden of a large size.
4. "It is not possible to put bandages on children’s mouths so an exercise of will power is required on their part."

C. Given below is a page from a dictionary. Look at it carefully and

i) find a word which means the same as ghastly. Write down the word and its two meanings.
► Terrible is that word. Its two meanings are: causing fear and very bad.

ii) find a word meaning a part of the school year.
► a term

iii) find a word that means examination.
► test

Where do all the teachers go

Peter Dixon

Page No: 68

Working with Poem

1. Answer these questions.

(i) Why does the poet want to know where the teachers go at four o’clock?

Answer

The poet wanted to know where the teachers go at four o’clock because this is time when school got over.

(ii) What are the things normal people do that the poet talks about?

Answer

The things normal people do that the poet talked about are living in houses, washing socks, wearing pyjamas, watching TV, picking their noses, living with their parents, not spelling right, being bad, making mistakes, getting punished, losing books, scribbling on desk tops, wearing old dirty jeans.

(iii) What does he imagine about

(a) where teachers live?
► In houses

(b) what they do at home?
► washed their socks, wore pyjamas, picked their noses, and watched TV.

(c) the people with whom they live?
► lived with other people and if they also had mothers and fathers.

(d) their activities when they were children in school?
► they were also bad, made mistakes, never spelled right, and were punished in the corner for pinching the chocolate flakes. They ever lost their hymn books, scribbled on the desk tops, or wore old dirty jeans.

(iv) Why does the poet wonder if teachers also do things that other people do?

Answer

The poet wondered if teachers also do things that other people do because he had seen them as super humans. They are strict, did not make any mistakes and punish those who did.

(v) How does the poet plan to find out? What will he do once he finds out?

Answer

The poet plans to follow one of the teachers on the way back home that day to find out what they did. Once he succeeds in doing do, he would compose it into a poem, which then those teachers would read to their students.

2. What do you think these phrases from the poem mean?

(i) punished in the corner
► getting punishment of standing in the corner of the classroom

(ii) leave their greens
► Leaving the playground after the bell strikes for the next class to begin
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NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: Ch 9 The Making Of Regional Cultures History

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NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: Ch 9 The Making Of Regional Cultures Our Pasts 2

Page No: 136

Let’s recall

1. Match the following:
Anantavarman                  Kerala                 
JagannathaBengal
MahodayapuramOrissa
LilatilakamKangra
MangalakavyaPuri
MiniatureKerala

Answer

Anantavarman                  Orissa                 
JagannathaPuri
MahodayapuramKerala
LilatilakamKerala
MangalakavyaBengal
MiniatureKangra

2. What is Manipravalam? Name a book written in that language.

Answer

Manipravalam literally means “diamonds and corals” referring to the two languages, Sanskrit and the regional language.
Lilatilakam is written in that language.

3. Who were the major patrons of Kathak?

Answer

The Mughal emperors and their nobles, Wajid Ali Shah - the last Nawab of Awadh and the courts of Rajasthan and Lucknow were the major patrons of Kathak.

 4. What are the important architectural features of the temples of Bengal ?

Answer

Important architectural features of the temples of Bengal:
(i) The double-roofed (dochala) or four-roofed (chauchala) structure of the thatched huts.
(ii) Four triangular roofs were placed on the four walls move up to converge on a curved line or a point.
(iii) Temples were usually built on a square platform.
(iv) Outer walls of many temples were decorated with paintings, ornamental tiles or terracotta tablets.

Page No: 137

Let’s discuss

5. Why did minstrels proclaim the achievements of heroes?

Answer

(i) Minstrels proclaim the achievements of heroes to preserved the memories of heroes.
(ii) These stories were expected to inspire others to follow their example.
(iii) Ordinary people were also attracted by these stories which depicted dramatic situations.
(iv) People also get attracted by the range of strong emotions loyalty, friendship, love, valour, anger etc. in the poems or songss.

6. Why do we know much more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people?

Answer

(i) We know much more about the cultural practices of rulers because their achievements or works were safely preserved in the palaces for the centuries.
(ii) Also, the rulers enjoyed intense wealth and power and hired specially trained minstrels to write their achievements in poems or songs.
(iii) Life of ordinary people were busy in earning their livelihood.
(iv) Ordinary people didn't had enough money or resource to preserve their work even if they had a story or poems.

7. Why did conquerors try to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri?

Answer

conquerors try to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri as:
(i) This temple gained in importance as a centre of pilgrimage, wealth, power and culture.
(ii) Its authority in social and political matters also increased.
(iii) Conquerors felt that if they conquered this temple then they would make their rule acceptable to the local people.

8. Why were temples built in Bengal?

Answer

(i) Temples were built in Bengal to demonstrate power and proclaim their diety.
(ii) Bengal witnessed a temple-building spree from the late fifteenth century which culminated in the nineteenth century.
(iii) Creation of new economic opportunities by the European trading companies.
(iv) People proclaimed their status through the construction of temples when their social and economic position improved.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12th: Ch 5 Organising

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NCERT Solutions for Class 12th: Ch 4 Organising  Business Studies II

Exercises

Page No: 142

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is not an element of delegation?
(a) Accountability
(b) Authority
(c) Responsibility
(d) Informal organisation
► (d) Informal organisation

2. A network of social relationship that arise spontaneously due to interaction at work is called:
(a) Formal organisation
(b) Informal organisation
(c) Decentralisation
(d) Delegation
► (b) Informal organisation

3. Which of the following does not follow the scalar chain?
(a) Functional structure
(b) Divisional structure
(c) Formal organisation
(d) Informal organisation
► (d) Informal organisation

4. A tall structure has a
(a) Narrow span of management
(b) Wide span of management
(c) No span of management
(d) Less levels of management
► (a) Narrow span of management

5. Centralisation refers to
(a) Retention of decision making authority
(b) Dispersal of decision making authority
(c) Creating divisions as profit centers
(d) Opening new centers or branches
► (a) Retention of decision making authority

6. For delegation to be effective it is essential that responsibility be accompanied with necessary
(a) Authority
(b) Manpower
(c) Incentives
(d) Promotions
► (a) Authority

7. Span of management refers to
(a) Number of managers
(b) Length of term for which a manager is appointed
(c) Number of subordinates under a superior
(d) Number of members in top management
► (c) Number of subordinates under a superior

Page No: 143

8. The form of organisation known for giving rise to rumors is called
(a) Centralised organisation
(b) Decentralised organisation
(c) Informal organisation
(d) Formal organisation
► (c) Informal organisation

9. Grouping of activities on the basis of product lines is a partof
(a) Delegated organisation
(b) Divisional organisation
(c) Functional organisation
(d) Autonomous organisation
► (b) Divisional organisation

10. Grouping of activities on the basis of functions is a part of
(a) Decentralised organisation
(b) Divisional organisation
(c) Functional organisation
(d) Centralised organisation
► (b) Divisional organisation

Short Answer Type

1. Define ‘Organising’?

Answer

Organising can be defined as a process that initiates impleme­ntation of plans by clarifying jobs and working relationships and effectively deploying resources for attainment of identified and desired results.

2. What are the steps in the process of organising?

Answer

The steps in the process of organising are:

→ Identification and division of work:  The first step in the process of organising involves identifying and dividing the work that has to be done in accordance with previously determined plans.

→ Departmentalisation: Once work has been divided into small and manageable activities then those activities which are similar in nature are grouped together.

→ Assignment of duties: It is necessary to define the work of different job positions and accordingly allocate work to various employees.
→ Establishing reporting relation ships: Each individual should also know who he has to take orders from and to whom he is accountable.

3. Discuss the elements of delegation.

Answer

The elements of delegation are:

→ Authority: It refers to the right of an individual to command his subordinates and to take action within the scope of his position. It also refers to the right to take decisions inherent in a managerial position to tell people what to do and expect them to do it.

→ Responsibility: Responsibility is the obligation of a subor­dinate to properly perform the assigned duty. It arises from a superior – subordinate relationship because the subor­dinate is bound to perform the duty assigned to him by his superior.

→ Accountability: It implies being answerable for the final outcome. Once authority has been delegated and responsibility accepted, one cannot deny accountability.

4. What does the term ‘Span of management’ refer to?

Answer

Span of management refers to the number of subordinates that can be effectively managed by a superior. This determines the levels of management in the structure.

5. Under what circumstances would functional structure prove to be an appropriate choice?

Answer

If an organisation is large, has a diversified activities and operations require a high degree of specialisation then functional structure prove to be an appropriate choice.

6. Draw a diagram depicting a divisional structure.

Answer

Divisional Structure

7. Can a large sized organisation be totally centralised of decentralised? Give your opinion.

Answer

No, a large sized organisation can never be completely centralised or decent­ralised. As it grows in size and comp­lexity , there is a tendency to move towards decentralised decision making. This is because in large organisations those employees who are directly and closely involved with certain operations tend to have more knowledge about them than the top management which may only be indirectly associated with individual operations. Hence, there is a need for a balance between these co­existing forces. Thus, it can be said that every organisation will be characterised by both centralisation and decentralisation.

8. Decentralisation is extending delegation to the lowest level. Comment.

Answer

Decentralisation is extending delegation to the lowest level. Decentralisation refers to delegation of authority throughout all the levels of the organisation. Decision making authority is shared with lower levels and is consequently placed nearest to the points of action. Delegation refers to the downward transfer of authority from a superior to a subordinate. Delegation is a process and decentralisation is end result.
For Example: If a CEO of an organisation gives responsibility to production head for the production for specific units of products. The production head shares his responsibility of hiring workers with his managers. Managers shares his responsibility of supervising the workers with supervisors. Therefore, the delegation at each level leads to decentralisation.

Long Answer Type

1. Why is delegation considered essential for effective organising?

Answer

Delegation is considered essential for effective organising because:

→ Effective management: By empowering the employees, the managers are able to function more efficiently as they get more time to concentrate on important matters.

→ Employee development: As a result of delegation, employees get more opportunities to utilise their talent and this may give rise to latent abilities in them. It allows them to develop those skills which will enable them to perform complex tasks and assume those responsibilities which will improve their career prospects.

→ Motivation of employees: Delegation helps in developing the talents of the employees. It also has psychological benefits. Responsibility for work builds the self­esteem of an employee and improves his confidence.

→ Facilitation of growth: Delega­tion helps in the expansion of an organisation by providing a ready workforce to take up leading positions in new ventures. Also trained and experienced emp­loyees are able to play significant roles in the launch of new projects.

→ Basis of management hier­archy: Delegation of authority establishes superior subordinate relationships, which are the basis of hierarchy of management. It is the degree and flow of authority which determines who has to report to whom.

→ Better coordination: The elements of delegation, namely authority, responsibility and accountability help to define the powers, duties and answerability related to the various positions in an organisation which helps to avoid overlapping of duties and duplication of effort as it gives a clear picture of the work being done at various levels.

2. What is a divisional structure? Discuss its advantages and limitations.

Answer

Divisional structure refer to the organisation structure comprises of separate business units or divisions where each unit has a divisional manager has its authority and responsible for performance. Each  division  is  multifunctional because within each division func­tions like production, marketing,
finance, purchase etc, are performed together to achieve a common goal. Each division is self-contained as it develops expertise in all functions related to a product line. For example, a large company may have divisions like cosmetics, clothing etc.

The advantages of divisional structure are:

→ Product specialisation helps in the development of varied skills in a divisional head and this prepares him for higher positions. This is because he gains experience in all functions related to a particular product.

→ Divisional heads are accountable for profits, as revenues and costs related to different departments can be easily identified and assigned to them. This provides a proper basis for performance measurement. It also helps in fixation of respons­ibility in cases of poor performance of the division and appropriate remedial action can be taken.

→ It promotes flexibility and initiative because each division functions as an autonomous unit which leads to faster decision making.

→ It facilitates expansion and growth as new divisions can be added without interrupting the existing operations by merely adding another divisional head and staff for the new product line.
The limitations of divisional structure are:

→ Conflict may arise among different divisions with reference to allocation of funds and further a particular division may seek to maximise its profits at the cost of other divisions.

→ It may lead to increase in costs since there may be a duplication of activities across products. Providing  each  division  with separate set of similar functions increases expenditure.

→ It provides managers with the authority to supervise all activities related to a particular division. In
course of time, such a manager may gain power and in a bid to assert his independence may ignore organisational interests.

3. Decentralisation is an optional policy. Explain why an organisation would choose to be decentralised.

Answer

Decentralisation is an optional policy because it is on the top management of an organisation how much power and work they want to share with the lower levels. An organisation would choose to be decentralised because of the following advantages:

→ Develops initiative among subordinates: Decentralisation helps to promote self­reliance and confidence amongst the subordinates because when lower managerial levels are given freedom to take their own decisions they learn to depend on their own judgment. It helps to identify those executives who have the necessary potential to become dynamic leaders.

→ Develops managerial talent for the future: Decentralisation gives subordinates a chance to prove their abilities and creates a reservoir of qualified manpower who can be considered to fill up more challenging positions

→ Quick decision making: It helps in making decisions process quick since decisions are taken at levels which are nearest to the points of action and there is no requirement for approval from many levels, the process is much faster. There are also less chances of information getting distorted because it doesn’t have to go through long channels.

→ Relief to top management: Decentralisation leaves the top management with more time which they can devote to important policy decisions rather than occupying their time with both policy as well as operational decisions.

→ Facilitates growth: Decentrali­sation gives greater autonomy to the lower levels of management as well as divisional or departmental heads that allows them to function in a manner best suited to their department and generates a sense of competition amongst the departments which ultimately leads to increase in productivity levels also the organisation is able to generate more returns which can be used for expansion purposes.

→ Better control: Decentralisation makes it possible to evaluate performance at each level and the departments can be individually held accountable for their results. It compels the management to innovative performance measurement systems.

4. How does informal organisation support the formal organisation?

Answer

Informal organisation emerges from within the formal organisation when people interact beyond their officially defined roles. It support the formal organisation by providing

→ Faster communication: Informal organisation leads to faster spread of information as well as quick feedback as prescribed lines of communication are not followed.

→ Social Satisfaction: It helps to fulfill the social needs of the members and allows them to find like minded people. This enhances their job satisfaction since it gives them a sense of belongingness in the organisation.

→ Organisational objectives: It contributes towards fulfillment of organisational objectives by compensating for inadequacies in the formal organisation. For example, employees reactions towards plans and policies can be tested through the informal network.

5. Distinguish between centralisation and decentralisation.

Answer

Basis
Centralisation
Decentralisation
AuthorityThe decision ­making authority is retained by higher levels of management.The decision ­making authority is delegated to lower levels of management.
BurdenMore burden on top level managers.Less burden on the top level managers.
Scope of DelegationScope of delegation is limited as power is concentrated in a few hands.Wider scope of delegation as authority can be transferred.
Decision makingThe decision making process is slow as the power lies only with the top management.The decision making process is s as the power lies only with the top management.
Subordinates roleThe subordinate don't get any chance to decide as all things are pre-decided by top level management.The subordinates get a chance to decide and act independently which develops skills and their managerial abilities.

Page No: 144

6. How is a functional structure different from a divisional structure?

Answer

Basis
Functional Structure
Divisional Structure
FormationIts formation is based on functionsIts formation is based on product lines and is supported by functions.
SpecialisationFunctional specialisation. Product specialisation.
ResponsibilityDifficult to fix on a department.Easy to fix responsibility for performance.
Managerial DevelopmentDifficult, as each functional manager has to report to the top management.Easier, as autonomy and the chance to perform multiple functions helps in managerial development.
Cost Functions are not duplicated hence economicalDuplication of resources in various departments, hence costly.
CoordinationDifficult for a multi­ product company.Easy, because all functions related to a particular
product are integrated in one department.

Application Type

1. Neha runs a factory wherein she manufactures shoes. The business has been doing well and she intends to expand by diversifying into leather bags as well as western formal wear thereby making her company a complete provider of corporate wear. This will enable her to market her business unit as the one stop for working women. Which type of structure would you recommend for her expanded organisation and why?

Answer

Divisional Structure is recommended for expanded organisation because the factory will manufacture three product. By this structure she may avail the benefits of products specialisation. There should be three divisions, one for each product.  She can ascertain the performance of each product individually. Accordingly, she may plan and take decisions quickly.

2. The production manager asked the foreman to achieve a target production of 200 units per day, but he doesn't give him the authority to requisition tools and materials from the stores department. Can the production manager blame the foreman if he is not able to achieve the desired target? Give reasons.

Answer

No, the production manager can't blame the foreman if he is not able to achieve the desired target because foreman was only given responsibility not authority. There should be balance between authority and responsibility. If responsibility is given then authority for fulfilling that responsibility must be given otherwise the work can't be completed.

3. A manager enhances the production target from 500 units to 700 units per month but the authority to draw raw material was not given by him. The production manager could not achieve the revised production target. Who is responsible and which principle was violated?

Answer

The manager would be responsible for non-achievement of the revised production target and principle of authority responsibility was violated.

4. A company has its registered office in Delhi, manufacturing unit at Gurgaon and marketing and sales department at Faridabad. The company manufactures the consumer products. Which type of organisational structure should it adopt to achieve its target?

Answer

The company should adopt functional organisational structure to achieve its target as it is performing different functions in different areas. This will help in improving managerial skill and give control over various activities. The departmentalisation make clear division of activities. Also, it will be economical as no duplication will take place and promote specialisation in functions.

Case Study

1. A company, which manufactures a popular brand of toys, has been enjoying good market reputation. It has a functional organisational structure with separate departments for Production, Marketing, Finance, Human Resources and Research and Development. Lately to use its brand name and also to cash on to new business opportunities it is thinking to diversify into manufacture of new range of electronic toys for which a new market is emerging.

Questions
Prepare a report regarding organisation structure giving concrete reasons with regard to benefits the company will derive from the steps it should take.

Answer

The company should shift from functional structure to divisional structure as the company is now diversifying by adding a new product line. By this structure, the performance of each product i.e., simple toys and electronic toys can be easily ascertained. Also, decision making will become faster.

Page No: 145

2. A company manufacturing sewing machines set up in 1945 by the British promoters follows formal organisation culture in totality. It is facing lot of problems in delays in decision­ making. As the result it is not able to adapt to changing business environment. The work force is also not motivated since they cannot vent their grievances except through formal channels, which involve red tape. Employee turnover is high. Its market share is also declining due to changed circumstances and business environment.

Questions
You are to advise the company with regard to change it should bring about in its organisation structure to overcome the problems faced by it. Give reasons in terms of benefits it will derive from the changes suggested by you. In which sectors can the company diversify keeping in mind the declining market for the product the company is manufacturing?

Answer

The company need to change complete formal organisation culture and accept some informal structure. The management should encourage employees to interact and socialise with each other. This will help the company in following ways.
• Information spreads faster as prescribed lines of communication are not followed.
• It gives them a sense of belongingness in the organisation and give more satisfied workforce.
• It helps in achievement of organisational objectives in better manner.

3. A company X limited manufacturing comsetics, which has enjoyed a pre-eminent position in business, has grown in size. Its business was very good till 1991. But after that, new liberalised environment has seen entry of many MNC’s in the sector.
With the result the market share of X limited has declined. The company had followed a very centralised business model with directors and divisional heads making even minor decisions. Before 1991, this business model had served the company very well as consumers has no choice. But now the company is under pressure to reform.

Question 
What organisation structure changes should the company bring about in order to retain its market share? How will the changes suggested by you help the firm? Keep in mind that the sector in which the company is FMCG.

Answer

The company needs to shift towards decentralisation as the company's business has grown in size. This will helps the company in following manner:
• Minor decisions will be taken by the lower level managers which gives enough time to the higher officials to think of better policies, strategies to handle the changes in the changing environment.
• It also develops managerial talent for future.
• It leads to quick decision making as decisions are taken at levels which are nearest to the points of action and there is no requirement for approval from many levels,

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 6 Who I Am English

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 4 Who I Am and The Wonderful words (Poem) Honeysuckle English

Part I

Page No: 73

Working with Text

A. Answer the following questions.

1. Peter’s favourite day of the week is Sunday because ————————————————
► on this day his whole family always goes to the cinema hall to see a film.

2. Nasir wants to learn  ———————————————————
► how to preserve seeds so that they can be used again without investing money on them.

3. Dolma believes that she can make a good Prime Minister because  ———————————
————————————
► she wants to make things better for everyone.

B. Write True or False against each of the following statements.

1. Peter is an only child.  ——————————
► False

2. When Serbjit gets angry he shouts at people.  ——————————
► False

3. Nasir lives in the city.  ——————————
► False

4. Radha’s mother enjoys doing things with her.  ——————————
► True

Part II

Page No: 76

Working with Text

Fill in the blanks to name the different kinds of intelligence. One has been done for you.

When I enjoy listening to people and solving their problems I use my interpersonal intelligence.

(i) When I enjoy dancing or physical activity, I use my ______________ intelligence.
► bodily

(ii) When I enjoy looking at maps and examining pictures, I use my ___________intelligence.
► visual

(iii) When I enjoy working with numbers and solving maths problems, I use my ___________ intelligence.
► mathematical

(iv) When I enjoy telling a story or arguing, I use my ____________ intelligence.
► verbal

Match the job on the left with its description on the right.

(i) Navigator - (a) Advises people what to do about jobs, personal problems, etc.
(ii) Architect - (b) Works in politics, usually by standing for election.
(iii) Politician - (c) Finds and monitors the route to get to a place, or the direction of travel.
(iv) Engineer - (d) Reports on recent news for newspaper, radio, or TV.
(v) Computer programmer -  (e) Plans the design of a building, town, or city.
(vi) Athlete - (f) Controls and puts together a programme of music.
(vii) Disc jockey - (g) Works in sports or activities such as running, jumping etc.
(viii) Composer - (h) Designs and builds things like roads, bridges, or engines.
(ix) Counsellor - (i) Makes up notes to create music.
(x) Journalist - (j) Designs the system by which a computer runs or gives information.

Answer

(i) Navigator - (c) Finds and monitors the route to get to a place, or the direction of travel.
(ii) Architect - (e) Plans the design of a building, town, or city.
(iii) Politician - (b) Works in politics, usually by standing for election.
(iv) Engineer - (h) Designs and builds things like roads, bridges, or engines.
(v) Computer Programmer - (j) Designs the system by which a computer runs or gives information.
(vi) Athlete - (g) Works in sports or activities such as running, jumping etc.
(vii) Disc jockey - (f) Controls and puts together a programme of music.
(viii) Composer - (i) Makes up notes to create music.
(ix) Counsellor - (a) Advises people what to do about jobs, personal problems, etc.
(x) Journalist - (d) Reports on recent news for newspaper, radio, or TV.

The Wonderful Words

- Mary O'Neil

Page No: 83

Working with Poem

1. With your partner, complete the following sentences in your own words using the ideas in the poem.

(i) Do not let a thought shrivel and die because  ————————————
► for want of a way to say it

(ii) English is a  ————————— with words that everyone can play.
► wonderful game

(iii) One has to match  ——————————————
► to the brightest thoughts in your head

(iv) Words are the  ——————————— of thought.
► food and dress 

2. In groups of four discuss the following lines and their meanings.

(i) All that you do is match the words
To the brightest thoughts in your head

►The poet says that you only have to select words to express your thoughts present in your head

(ii) For many of the loveliest things
Have never yet been said

► The poet encourage readers to convert their thoughts into words and speak them as these are loveliest things that never yet been said.

(iii) And everyone’s longing today to hear
Some fresh and beautiful thing

► All the people are listening to the same thoughts. Everyone is excited to hear some new thing so speak your thoughts brilliantly.

(iv) But only words can free a thought
From its prison behind your eyes

► You have thoughts in your mind but its in prison behind your eyes. You need to free thoughts by giving them words.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9th: Ch 7 Triangles Maths

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NCERT Solutions for Class 9th: Ch 7 Triangles Maths

Page No: 118

Exercise 7.1

1. In quadrilateral ACBD, AC = AD and AB bisects ∠A (see Fig. 7.16). Show that ΔABC ≅ ΔABD. What can you say about BC and BD?


Answer

Given,
AC = AD and AB bisects ∠A
To prove,
ΔABC ≅ ΔABD
Proof,
In ΔABC and ΔABD,
AB = AB (Common)
AC = AD (Given)
∠CAB = ∠DAB (AB is bisector)
Therefore, ΔABC ≅ ΔABD by SAS congruence condition.
BC and BD are of equal length.

Page No: 119

2. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AD = BC and ∠DAB = ∠CBA (see Fig. 7.17). Prove that
(i) ΔABD ≅ ΔBAC
(ii) BD = AC
(iii) ∠ABD = ∠BAC.
Answer

Given,
AD = BC and ∠DAB = ∠CBA

(i) In ΔABD and ΔBAC,
AB = BA (Common)
∠DAB = ∠CBA (Given)
AD = BC (Given)
Therefore, ΔABD ≅ ΔBAC by SAS congruence condition.
(ii) Since, ΔABD ≅ ΔBAC
Therefore BD = AC by CPCT
(iii) Since, ΔABD ≅ ΔBAC
Therefore ∠ABD = ∠BAC by CPCT

3. AD and BC are equal perpendiculars to a line segment AB (see Fig. 7.18). Show that CD bisects AB.
Answer

Given,
AD and BC are equal perpendiculars to AB.
To prove,
CD bisects AB
Proof,
In ΔAOD and ΔBOC,
∠A = ∠B (Perpendicular)
∠AOD = ∠BOC (Vertically opposite angles)
AD = BC (Given)
Therefore, ΔAOD ≅ ΔBOC by AAS congruence condition.
Now,
AO = OB (CPCT). CD bisects AB.

4. l and m are two parallel lines intersected by another pair of parallel lines p and q (see Fig. 7.19). Show that ΔABC ≅ ΔCDA.

Answer

Given,
l || m and p || q
To prove,
ΔABC ≅ ΔCDA
Proof,
In ΔABC and ΔCDA,
∠BCA = ∠DAC (Alternate interior angles)
AC = CA (Common)
∠BAC = ∠DCA (Alternate interior angles)
Therefore, ΔABC ≅ ΔCDA by ASA congruence condition.

5. Line l is the bisector of an angle ∠A and B is any point on l. BP and BQ are perpendiculars from B to the arms of ∠A (see Fig. 7.20). Show that:
(i) ΔAPB ≅ ΔAQB
(ii) BP = BQ or B is equidistant from the arms of ∠A.
 Answer

Given,
l is the bisector of an angle ∠A.
BP and BQ are perpendiculars.

(i) In ΔAPB and ΔAQB,
∠P = ∠Q (Right angles)
∠BAP = ∠BAQ (l is bisector)
AB = AB (Common)
Therefore, ΔAPB ≅ ΔAQB by AAS congruence condition.
(ii) BP = BQ by CPCT. Therefore, B is equidistant from the arms of ∠A.

Page No: 120

6. In Fig. 7.21, AC = AE, AB = AD and ∠BAD = ∠EAC. Show that BC = DE.

Answer

Given,
AC = AE, AB = AD and ∠BAD = ∠EAC
To show,
BC = DE
Proof,
∠BAD = ∠EAC (Adding ∠DAC both sides)
∠BAD + ∠DAC = ∠EAC + ∠DAC
⇒ ∠BAC = ∠EAD
In ΔABC and ΔADE,
AC = AE (Given)
∠BAC = ∠EAD
AB = AD (Given)
Therefore, ΔABC ≅ ΔADE by SAS congruence condition.
BC = DE by CPCT.

7. AB is a line segment and P is its mid-point. D and E are points on the same side of AB such that ∠BAD = ∠ABE and ∠EPA = ∠DPB (see Fig. 7.22). Show that
(i) ΔDAP ≅ ΔEBP
(ii) AD = BE
Answer

Given,
P is mid-point of AB.
∠BAD = ∠ABE and ∠EPA = ∠DPB

(i) ∠EPA = ∠DPB (Adding ∠DPE both sides)
∠EPA + ∠DPE = ∠DPB + ∠DPE
⇒ ∠DPA = ∠EPB
In ΔDAP ≅ ΔEBP,
∠DPA = ∠EPB
AP = BP (P is mid-point of AB)
∠BAD = ∠ABE (Given)
Therefore, ΔDAP ≅ ΔEBP by ASA congruence condition.
(ii) AD = BE by CPCT.

8. In right triangle ABC, right angled at C, M is the mid-point of hypotenuse AB. C is joined to M and produced to a point D such that DM = CM. Point D is joined to point B (see Fig. 7.23). Show that:
(i) ΔAMC ≅ ΔBMD
(ii) ∠DBC is a right angle.
(iii) ΔDBC ≅ ΔACB
(iv) CM = 1/2 AB
Answer

Given,
∠C = 90°, M is the mid-point of AB and DM = CM

(i) In ΔAMC and ΔBMD,
AM = BM (M is the mid-point)
∠CMA = ∠DMB (Vertically opposite angles)
CM = DM (Given)
Therefore, ΔAMC ≅ ΔBMD by SAS congruence condition.

(ii) ∠ACM = ∠BDM (by CPCT)
Therefore, AC || BD as alternate interior angles are equal.
Now,
∠ACB + ∠DBC = 180° (co-interiors angles)
⇒ 90° + ∠B = 180°
⇒ ∠DBC = 90°

(iii) In ΔDBC and ΔACB,
BC = CB (Common)
∠ACB = ∠DBC (Right angles)
DB = AC (byy CPCT, already proved)
Therefore, ΔDBC ≅ ΔACB by SAS congruence condition.

(iv)  DC = AB (ΔDBC ≅ ΔACB)
⇒ DM = CM = AM = BM (M is mid-point)
⇒ DM + CM = AM + BM
⇒ CM + CM = AB
⇒ CM = 1/2AB

Page No: 123

Exercise 7.2

1. In an isosceles triangle ABC, with AB = AC, the bisectors of ∠B and ∠C intersect each other at O. Join A to O. Show that :
(i) OB = OC                     (ii) AO bisects ∠A
Answer

Given,
AB = AC, the bisectors of ∠B and ∠C intersect each other at O

(i) Since ABC is an isosceles with AB = AC,
∴ ∠B = ∠C
⇒ 1/2∠B = 1/2∠C
⇒ ∠OBC = ∠OCB (Angle bisectors.)
⇒ OB = OC (Side opposite to the equal angles are equal.)

(ii) In ΔAOB and ΔAOC,
AB = AC (Given)
AO = AO (Common)
OB = OC (Proved above)
Therefore, ΔAOB ≅ ΔAOC by SSS congruence condition.
∠BAO = ∠CAO (by CPCT)
Thus, AO bisects ∠A.

2. In ΔABC, AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC (see Fig. 7.30). Show that ΔABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC.
Answer

Given,
AD is the perpendicular bisector of BC
To show,
AB = AC
Proof,
In ΔADB and ΔADC,
AD = AD (Common)
∠ADB = ∠ADC
BD = CD (AD is the perpendicular bisector)
Therefore, ΔADB ≅ ΔADC by SAS congruence condition.
AB = AC (by CPCT)

Page No: 124

3. ABC is an isosceles triangle in which altitudes BE and CF are drawn to equal sides AC and AB respectively (see Fig. 7.31). Show that these altitudes are equal.
Answer

Given,
BE and CF are altitudes.
AC = AB
To show,
BE = CF
Proof,
In ΔAEB and ΔAFC,
∠A = ∠A (Common)
∠AEB = ∠AFC (Right angles)
AB = AC (Given)
Therefore, ΔAEB ≅ ΔAFC by AAS congruence condition.
Thus, BE = CF by CPCT.

4. ABC is a triangle in which altitudes BE and CF to sides AC and AB are equal (see Fig. 7.32). Show that
(i) ΔABE ≅ ΔACF
(ii) AB = AC, i.e., ABC is an isosceles triangle.

Answer

Given,
BE = CF

(i) In ΔABE and ΔACF,
∠A = ∠A (Common)
∠AEB = ∠AFC (Right angles)
BE = CF (Given)
Therefore, ΔABE ≅ ΔACF by AAS congruence condition.

(ii) Thus, AB = AC by CPCT and therefore ABC is an isosceles triangle.

5. ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangles on the same base BC (see Fig. 7.33). Show that ∠ABD = ∠ACD.

Answer

Given,
ABC and DBC are two isosceles triangles.
To show,
∠ABD = ∠ACD
Proof,
In ΔABD and ΔACD,
AD = AD (Common)
AB = AC (ABC is an isosceles triangle.)
BD = CD (BCD is an isosceles triangle.)
Therefore, ΔABD ≅ ΔACD by SSS congruence condition. Thus, ∠ABD = ∠ACD by CPCT.

6. ΔABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC. Side BA is produced to D such that AD = AB (see Fig. 7.34). Show that ∠BCD is a right angle.
Answer

Given,
AB = AC and AD = AB
To show,
∠BCD is a right angle.
Proof,
In ΔABC,
AB = AC (Given)
⇒ ∠ACB = ∠ABC (Angles opposite to the equal sides are equal.)
In ΔACD,
AD = AB
⇒ ∠ADC = ∠ACD (Angles opposite to the equal sides are equal.)
Now,
In ΔABC,
∠CAB + ∠ACB + ∠ABC = 180°
⇒ ∠CAB + 2∠ACB = 180°
⇒ ∠CAB = 180° - 2∠ACB --- (i)
Similarly in ΔADC,
∠CAD = 180° - 2∠ACD --- (ii)
also,
∠CAB + ∠CAD = 180° (BD is a straight line.)
Adding (i) and (ii)
∠CAB + ∠CAD = 180° - 2∠ACB + 180° - 2∠ACD
⇒ 180° = 360° - 2∠ACB - 2∠ACD
⇒ 2(∠ACB + ∠ACD) = 180°
⇒ ∠BCD = 90°

7. ABC is a right angled triangle in which ∠A = 90° and AB = AC. Find ∠B and ∠C.

Answer

Given,
∠A = 90° and AB = AC
A/q,
AB = AC
⇒ ∠B = ∠C (Angles opposite to the equal sides are equal.)
Now,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° (Sum of the interior angles of the triangle.)
⇒ 90° + 2∠B = 180°
⇒ 2∠B = 90°
⇒ ∠B = 45°
Thus, ∠B = ∠C = 45°

8. Show that the angles of an equilateral triangle are 60° each.

Answer

Let ABC be an equilateral triangle.
BC = AC = AB (Length of all sides is same)
⇒ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C (Sides opposite to the equal angles are equal.)
Also,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
⇒ 3∠A = 180°
⇒ ∠A = 60°
Therefore, ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
Thus, the angles of an equilateral triangle are 60° each.

Page No: 128

Exercise 7.3

1. ΔABC and ΔDBC are two isosceles triangles on the same base BC and vertices A and D are on the same side of BC (see Fig. 7.39). If AD is extended to intersect BC at P, show that
(i) ΔABD ≅ ΔACD
(ii) ΔABP ≅ ΔACP
(iii) AP bisects ∠A as well as ∠D.
(iv) AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC.

Answer

Given,
ΔABC and ΔDBC are two isosceles triangles.

(i) In ΔABD and ΔACD,
AD = AD (Common)
AB = AC (ΔABC is isosceles)
BD = CD (ΔDBC is isosceles)
Therefore, ΔABD ≅ ΔACD by SSS congruence condition.

(ii) In ΔABP and ΔACP,
AP = AP (Common)
∠PAB = ∠PAC (ΔABD ≅ ΔACD so by CPCT)
AB = AC (ΔABC is isosceles)
Therefore, ΔABP ≅ ΔACP by SAS congruence condition.

(iii) ∠PAB = ∠PAC by CPCT as ΔABD ≅ ΔACD.
AP bisects ∠A. --- (i)
also,
In ΔBPD and ΔCPD,
PD = PD (Common)
BD = CD (ΔDBC is isosceles.)
BP = CP (ΔABP ≅ ΔACP so by CPCT.)
Therefore, ΔBPD ≅ ΔCPD by SSS congruence condition.
Thus, ∠BDP = ∠CDP by CPCT. --- (ii)
By (i) and (ii) we can say that AP bisects ∠A as well as ∠D.

(iv) ∠BPD = ∠CPD (by CPCT as ΔBPD ≅ ΔCPD)
and BP = CP --- (i)
also,
∠BPD + ∠CPD = 180° (BC is a straight line.)
⇒ 2∠BPD = 180°
⇒ ∠BPD = 90° ---(ii)
From (i) and (ii),
AP is the perpendicular bisector of BC.

2. AD is an altitude of an isosceles triangle ABC in which AB = AC. Show that
(i) AD bisects BC                      (ii) AD bisects ∠A.

Answer

 
Given,
AD is an altitude and AB = AC

(i) In ΔABD and ΔACD,
∠ADB = ∠ADC = 90°
 AB = AC (Given)
AD = AD (Common)
Therefore, ΔABD ≅ ΔACD by RHS congruence condition.
Now,
BD = CD (by CPCT)
Thus, AD bisects BC

(ii) ∠BAD = ∠CAD (by CPCT)
Thus, AD bisects ∠A.

3. Two sides AB and BC and median AM of one triangle ABC are respectively equal to sides PQ and QR and median PN of ΔPQR (see Fig. 7.40). Show that:
(i) ΔABM ≅ ΔPQN
(ii) ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR
Answer

Given,
AB = PQ, BC = QR and AM = PN

(i) 1/2 BC = BM and 1/2QR = QN (AM and PN are medians)
also,
BC = QR
⇒ 1/2 BC = 1/2QR
⇒ BM = QN
In ΔABM and ΔPQN,
AM = PN (Given)
AB = PQ (Given)
BM = QN (Proved above)
Therefore, ΔABM ≅ ΔPQN by SSS congruence condition.

(ii) In ΔABC and ΔPQR,
AB = PQ (Given)
∠ABC = ∠PQR (by CPCT)
BC = QR (Given)

Therefore, ΔABC ≅ ΔPQR by SAS congruence condition.

4. BE and CF are two equal altitudes of a triangle ABC. Using RHS congruence rule, prove that the triangle ABC is isosceles.

Answer
Given,
BE and CF are two equal altitudes.
In ΔBEC and ΔCFB,
∠BEC = ∠CFB = 90° (Altitudes)
 BC = CB (Common)
BE = CF (Common)
Therefore, ΔBEC ≅ ΔCFB by RHS congruence condition.
Now,
∠C = ∠B (by CPCT)
Thus, AB = AC as sides opposite to the equal angles are equal.

5. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. Draw AP ⊥ BC to show that ∠B = ∠C.

Answer
Given,
AB = AC
In ΔABP and ΔACP,
∠APB = ∠APC = 90° (AP is altitude)
AB = AC (Given)
AP = AP (Common)
Therefore, ΔABP ≅ ΔACP by RHS congruence condition.
Thus, ∠B = ∠C (by CPCT)

Page No: 132

Exercise 7.4

1. Show that in a right angled triangle, the hypotenuse is the longest side.

Answer

ABC is a triangle right angled at B.
Now,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
⇒ ∠A + ∠C = 90° and ∠B is 90°.
Since, B is the largest angle of the triangle, the side opposite to it must be the largest.
So, BC is the hypotenuse which is the largest side of the right angled triangle ABC.

2. In Fig. 7.48, sides AB and AC of ΔABC are extended to points P and Q respectively. Also, ∠PBC < ∠QCB. Show that AC > AB.
Answer

Given,
∠PBC < ∠QCB
Now,
∠ABC + ∠PBC = 180°
⇒ ∠ABC = 180° - ∠PBC
also,
∠ACB + ∠QCB = 180°
⇒ ∠ACB = 180° - ∠QCB
Since,
∠PBC < ∠QCB therefore, ∠ABC > ∠ACB
Thus, AC > AB as sides opposite to the larger angle is larger.

3. In Fig. 7.49, ∠B < ∠A and ∠C < ∠D. Show that AD < BC.
Answer

Given,
∠B < ∠A and ∠C < ∠D
Now,
AO <  BO --- (i) (Side opposite to the smaller angle is smaller)
OD < OC ---(ii) (Side opposite to the smaller angle is smaller)
Adding (i) and (ii)
AO + OD < BO + OC
⇒ AD < BC

4. AB and CD are respectively the smallest and longest sides of a quadrilateral ABCD (see Fig. 7.50).
Show that ∠A > ∠C and ∠B > ∠D.




Answer


In ΔABD,
AB < AD < BD
∴ ∠ADB < ∠ABD --- (i) (Angle opposite to longer side is larger.)
Now,
In ΔBCD,
BC < DC < BD
∴ ∠BDC < ∠CBD --- (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii) we get,
∠ADB + ∠BDC < ∠ABD + ∠CBD
⇒ ∠ADC < ∠ABC
⇒ ∠B > ∠D
Similarly,
In ΔABC,
∠ACB < ∠BAC --- (iii) (Angle opposite to longer side is larger.)
Now,
In ΔADC,
∠DCA < ∠DAC --- (iv)
Adding (iii) and (iv) we get,
∠ACB + ∠DCA < ∠BAC + ∠DAC
⇒ ∠BCD < ∠BAD
⇒ ∠A > ∠C

5. In Fig 7.51, PR > PQ and PS bisects ∠QPR. Prove that ∠PSR > ∠PSQ.
Answer

Given,
PR > PQ and PS bisects ∠QPR
To prove,
∠PSR > ∠PSQ
Proof,
∠PQR > ∠PRQ --- (i) (PR > PQ as angle opposite to larger side is larger.)
∠QPS = ∠RPS --- (ii) (PS bisects ∠QPR)
∠PSR = ∠PQR + ∠QPS --- (iii) (exterior angle of a triangle equals to the sum of opposite interior angles)
∠PSQ = ∠PRQ + ∠RPS --- (iv) (exterior angle of a triangle equals to the sum of opposite interior angles)
Adding (i) and (ii)
∠PQR + ∠QPS > ∠PRQ + ∠RPS
⇒ ∠PSR > ∠PSQ [from (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)]

Page No: 133

6. Show that of all line segments drawn from a given point not on it, the perpendicular line segment is the shortest.

Answer
Let l is a line segment and B is a point lying o it. We drew a line AB perpendicular to l. Let C be any other point on l.
To prove,
AB < AC
Proof,
In ΔABC,
∠B = 90°
Now,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
⇒ ∠A + ∠C = 90°
∴ ∠C mustbe acute angle. or ∠C < ∠B
⇒ AB < AC (Side opposite to the larger angle is larger.)



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NCERT Solutions for Class 11th: Ch 3 Equality

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11th: Ch 2 Equality Political Science

Page No: 51

Exercises

1. Some people argue that inequality is natural while others maintain that it is equality which is natural and the inequalities which we notice around us are created by society. Which view do you support? Give reasons.

Answer

Inequality is natural because:
• People are not equal by birth as they differ in traits, ability and talents.
• Human beings differ physically, mentally and intellectual strengths.
• There should be a division of work in society as all people can't do same work to be equal.

2. There is a view that absolute economic equality is neither possible nor desirable. It is argued that the most a society can do is to try and reduce the gaps between the richest and poorest members of society. Do you agree?

Answer

Yes, I agree with the statement that absolute economic equality is neither possible nor desirable. The most a society can do is to try and reduce the gaps between the richest and poorest members of society. Each person plays a different role in society according to their capability. There are different ranks in the society according to the work served by the person and the rewards are equivalent to the work. Therefore, absolute economic equality cannot be possible. The only thing that a society can do is provide equal opportunity to all by providing basic services such as health education etc. irrespective of economic background.

3. Match the following concepts with appropriate instances:
(a) Affirmative action - (i) Every adult citizen has a right to vote
(b) Equality of opportunity - (ii) Banks offer higher rate of interest to senior citizen
(c) Equal Rights - (iii) Every child should get free education

Answer

(a) Affirmative action - (ii) Banks offer higher rate of interest to senior citizen
(b) Equality of opportunity - (iii) Every child should get free education
(c) Equal Rights - (i) Every adult citizen has a right to vote

4. A government report on farmers' problems says that small and marginal farmers cannot get good prices from the market. It recommends that the government should intervene to ensure a better price but only for small and marginal farmers. Is this recommendation consistent with the principle of equality?

Answer

Yes, the government report recommendation consistent with the principle of equality because in this case only small and marginal farmers are affected as they do not have sufficient resources and knowledge about the prices of crops in the market.

5. Which of the following violate the principles of equality and why?

(a) Every child in class will read the text of the play by turn.
► No, there is no violation of equality as every child is getting an opportunity to read text.

(b) The Government of Canada encouraged white Europeans to migrate to Canada from the end of the Second World War till 1960.
► Yes, this is a violation of equality as white Europeans were encouraged over coloured people on the basis of their colour differences.

(c) There is a separate railway reservation counter for the senior citizens.
► No, there is no violation of equality as they have special needs and requirements.    

(d) Access to some forest areas is reserved for certain tribal communities.
► No, there is no violation of equality as this is done to protects their livelihood rights and culture.

6. Here are some arguments in favour of the right to vote for women. Which of these are consistent with the idea of equality? Give reasons.

(a) Women are our mothers. We shall not disrespect our mothers by denying them the right to vote.
► No, this argument is not based on the idea of equality but based on our emotions.

(b) Decisions of the government affect women as well as men, therefore they also should have a say in choosing the rulers.
► Yes, this argument is consistent with the idea of equality as it is based on decision making which affect the both men and women.

(c) Not granting women the right to vote will cause disharmony in the family.
► No, this argument is not consistent with the idea of equality as giving right to vote has no connection with the family.

(d) Women constitute half of humanity. You cannot subjugate them for long by denying them the right to vote.
► Yes, this argument is consistent with the idea of equality as it is based on rational thinking. The women constitute half population therefore given equal importance and opportunity to cast their vote.

Hindi Vyakaran Material - Class 9th (Course B) Hindi

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हिंदी बोलने या लिखने के लिए हमें कुछ नियमों की आवश्यकता पड़ती है। इन्हीं नियमों को हम हिंदी व्याकरण कहते हैं। हम आपके लिए कक्षा नौंवीं (कोर्स - 'ब') की हिंदी व्याकरण प्रस्तुत कर रहे हैं। इन्हें पढ़ने के लिए आपको नीचे दिए गयी सूची में से केवल अपने अध्याय पर क्लिक करना है।

वर्णमाला

• वर्ण विच्छेद

• पाठ्य-पुस्तक 'स्पर्श-I' में प्रयुक्त वर्ण-विच्छेद शब्द

• 'र' के अनेक रूप

• अनुस्वार

• अनुनासिक

• नुक्ता

• पाठ्य-पुस्तक 'स्पर्श-I' में प्रयुक्त अनुस्वार, अनुनासिक, नुक्ता शब्द

• उपसर्ग-प्रत्यय

• पाठ्य-पुस्तक 'स्पर्श-I' में प्रयुक्त उपसर्ग-प्रत्यय शब्द

• संधि

• पाठ्य-पुस्तक 'स्पर्श-I' में प्रयुक्त संधि शब्द

• विराम-चिह्न

वर्णमाला - हिंदी व्याकरण Class 9th

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वर्णमाला - हिंदी व्याकरण Class 9th Course - 'B'

हिंदी भाषा की सबसे छोटी इकाई जिसके खंड या टुकड़े नहीं किये जा सकते, वे वर्ण कहलाते हैं। जैसे - अ, आ, ई आदि।

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वर्णों के क्रमबद्ध समूह को वर्णमाला कहा जाता है। हिंदी में वर्णों की कुल संख्या 44 है।

Varn Tree


उच्चारण के आधार पर वर्णों को दो भागों में बाँटा गया है -

• स्वर
• व्यंजन

स्वर

जिन वर्णों के उच्चारण में किसी अन्य वर्ण की सहायता नहीं ली जाती है , वे स्वर कहलाते हैं। इनका उच्चारण स्वतंत्र रूप से होता है। इनके उच्चारण में हवा मुँह में बिना रुके बाहर आती है। इनकी कुल संख्या 11 है।

अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ।

उच्चारण में लगने वाले समय की दृष्टि से स्वर के तीन भेद हैं -

1. ह्रस्व स्वर - जिन स्वरों के उच्चारण में सबसे कम समय लगता हैं, वे ह्रस्व स्वर कहलाते हैं। इन्हें मूल स्वर भी कहा जाता है। इनकी संख्या चार है - अ, इ, उ, ऋ।

2. दीर्घ स्वर - जिन स्वरों के उच्चारण में ह्रस्व स्वरों से दुगुना समय लगता है, वे दीर्घ स्वर कहलाते हैं। इनकी संख्या सात है - आ, ई, ऊ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ।

3. प्लुत स्वर - जिन स्वरों के उच्चारण में ह्रस्व स्वरों से तिगुना समय लगता है, वे प्लुत स्वर कहलाते हैं। अधिकतर इनका प्रयोग दूर से बुलाने या मन्त्रों में किया जाता है। जैसे - ओ३म, अम्मा३ आदि।

व्यंजन

जिन वर्णों के उच्चारण में स्वर वर्ण की सहायता ली जाती है, वे व्यंजन कहलाते हैं। इनके उच्चारण में हवा कंठ से निकलकर मुँह में रूककर बाहर आती है। इनकी कुल संख्या 33 है।

व्यंजन तीन प्रकार के होते हैं -

1. स्पर्श व्यंजन - क् से लेकर म् तक 25 वर्ण स्पर्श कहलाते हैं। इनके उच्चारण में हवा कंठ, तालु, मूर्धा, दाँत या ओठों का स्पर्श करके मुख से बाहर आती है। इनके कुल पाँच वर्ग हैं और हर वर्ग में पाँच-पाँच व्यंजन हैं। हर वर्ग का नाम पहले वर्ण के नाम पर रखा गया है।

कवर्ग- क् ख् ग् घ् ड़्
चवर्ग- च् छ् ज् झ् ञ्
टवर्ग - ट् ठ् ड् ढ् ण्
तवर्ग- त् थ् द् ध् न्
पवर्ग- प् फ् ब् भ् म्
2. अंतःस्थ व्यंजन - ये संख्या में चार हैं - य् र् ल् व्। इनका उच्चारण स्वरों और व्यंजनों के मध्य का होता है।

3. ऊष्म व्यंजन - ये भी संख्या में चार हैं - श् ष् स् ह्। इनके उच्चारण में हवा मुँह में टकराकर ऊष्मा पैदा करती है।

संयुक्त व्यंजन - जहाँ भी दो अथवा दो से अधिक व्यंजन मिलते हैं, वे संयुक्त व्यंजन कहलाते हैं। जैसे -
क्ष= क् + ष + अ
त्र= त् + र + अ 
ज्ञ= ज् + ञ + अ
श्र = श् + र + अ 

द्वित्व व्यंजन - जब एक व्यंजन अपने जैसे दूसरे व्यंजन के साथ आते हैं तो, वे द्वित्व व्यंजन कहलाते है। जैसे - बच्चा, कच्चा, सज्जा आदि। 
क् ,च्, ट्, त्, प्, वर्ग के दूसरे व चौथे वर्ण का द्वित्व नहीं होता है।


NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 7 Fair Play English

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 4 Fair Play Honeysuckle English

Premchand

Page No: 91

Working with Text

A. Match the sentences under I with those under II.
I
1. Jumman and Algu were the best of friends.
2. Jumman’s aunt transferred her property to him.
3. The aunt decided to appeal to the panchayat.
4. Algu was unwilling to support the aunt.
5. Jumman was very happy to hear Algu’s name as head Panch.
II
1. He believed that his friend would never go against him.
2. She wanted justice.
3. In the absence of one, the other took care of his family.
4. The condition was that he would be responsible for her welfare.
5. The bond of friendship between him and Jumman was very strong.

Answer

Part I
Part II
1. Jumman and Algu were the best of friends.3. In the absence of one, the other took care of his family.
2. Jumman’s aunt transferred her property to him.4. The condition was that he would be responsible for her welfare.
3. The aunt decided to appeal to the panchayat.2. She wanted justice.
4. Algu was unwilling to support the aunt.5. The bond of friendship between him and Jumman was very strong.
5. Jumman was very happy to hear Algu’s name as head Panch.1. He believed that his friend would never go against him.

B. Who says this to whom and why?

1. “My wife knows best how to run the house.”
► Jumman said this to his aunt because he was shameless and had grown tired of her. she had asked him for a monthly allowance to set up a separate kitchen, but he didn't want to give her money.

2. “But is it right, my son, to keep mum and not say what you consider just and fair?”
► Jumman's aunt said this to Algu because she had gone to Algu for help, but Algu had politely refused her plea as he could not go against his firend, Jumman.

3. “What have you to say in your defence?”
►Algu said this to Jumman because he was made the head Panch by the aunt so he asked Jumman to say in his defence regarding his mistreatment of the aunt.

4. “I can’t pay you a penny for the wretched beast you sold me.”
►Samjhu Sahu said this to Algu because Algu demanded payment for the bullock he had sold to Samjhu.

5. “Victory to the panchayat. This is justice.”
► Algu said this over and over again in front of the village because he was happy that Jumman had not deviated from the path of justice in spite of the enmity between them.

C. Answer the following questions.

1. “Then the situation changed.” What is being referred to? (2)

Answer

The situation being referred to is Jumman and his family’s behaviour towards his aunt. Jumman's aunt had transferred her property to him on the understanding that he would look after her. The arrangement worked well for a couple of years but after a couple of years, Jumman and his family grew tired of her. He became as indifferent to her and his wife too grudged even the little food that the old lady wanted everyday.

2. When Jumman’s aunt realised that she was not welcome in his house, what arrangement did she suggest? (3)

Answer

When Jumman's aunt realised that she was not welcome in his house she suggested that Jumman should give her a monthly allowance so that she could set up a separate kitchen.

Page No: 92

3. What was the villagers’ reaction when the aunt explained her case to them? (4)

Answer

When the aunt explained her case to the villagers, some sympathised with her, others laughed at her and a few others advised her to make it up with her nephew and his wife.

4. Why was Jumman happy over Algu’s nomination as head Panch? (6)

Answer

Jumman was happy over Algu's nomination as head Panch because Algu was his best friend so he would never go against him.

5. “God lives in the heart of the Panch.” the aunt said. What did she mean? (6)

Answer

She meant that a Panch was always unbiased and would not kill his conscience for the sake of friendship. Everybody is equal before him. The justice delivered was the justice delivered by God.

6. What was Algu’s verdict as head Panch? How did Jumman take it? (7, 8)

Answer

Algu's verdict as head Panch was that Jumman had to pay his aunt a monthly allowance, or else the property would go back to her. Jumman felt betrayed and became Algu's enemy.

7. Algu found himself in a tight spot. What was his problem? (9)

Answer

One of Algu's fine pair of bullocks died, and he sold the other to Samjhu Sahu on the understanding that Sahu would pay the price of the bullock in a month's time. The bullock died within a month and Sahu refused to pay Algu.

8. Why was Algu upset over Jumman’s nomination as head Panch? (12, 13)

Answer

Algu was upset because he was his friend no more after Algu had given a verdict in favour of Jumman's aunt. Jumman was Algu's enemy and wanted revenge.

9. What was Jumman’s verdict as head Panch? How did Algu take it? (14, 15)

Answer

Jumman's verdict as head Panch was that that since the bullock did not suffer from any disability or disease when Sahu bought it, although the death was unfortunate Algu could not be blamed for it. Therefore, Sahu would have to pay Algu the price of the bullock. Algu could not contain his feelings on the verdict. He stood up and said loudly over and over again, "Victory to the panchayat. This is justice. God lives in the heart of the Panch."

10. Which of the following sums up the story best?
(i) “I also know that you will not kill your conscience for the sake of friendship.”
(ii) “Let no one deviate from the path of justice and truth for friendship or enmity.”
(iii) “The voice of the Panch is the voice of God.”
Give a reason for your choice. 

Answer

(ii) “Let no one deviate from the path of justice and truth for friendship or enmity.”
This sentence sums up the story best because boht Algu and Jumman gave verdict without keeping any friendship nor enimity.

Working with Language

A. Replace the italicised portion of each sentence below with a suitable phrase from the box. Make necessary changes, wherever required.

look afterswallowmake it upkeep mum
go intoease one’s conscienceas ill luck would have it
a tight spottake chancesmy heart sank

1. The best way to avoid an unnecessary argument is to remain silent.
► The best way to avoid an argument is to keep mum.

2. Unfortunately, the train I was trying to catch was cancelled.
► As ill luck would have it, the train I was trying to catch was cancelled.

3. He has been told not to take risks while driving a car through a crowded street.
► He has been told not to take chances while driving a car through a crowded street.

4. The patient needs to be properly taken care of.
► The patient needs to be properly looked after.

5. Why don't the two of you end your quarrel by shaking hands?
► Why don't the two of you make it up by shaking hands?

6. I was in a difficult situation till my friends came to my rescue.
► I was in a tight spot till my friends came to my rescue.

7. When I saw a pile of dirty dishes, I felt very disappointed.
► When I saw a pile of dirty dishes, my heart sank.

8. I will examine the matter carefully before commenting on it.
► I will go into the matter carefully before commenting on it.

9. They criticised him in the meeting but he accepted without protest all the criticism.
► They criticised him in the meeting but he swallowed all the criticism.

10. It will free me from worry to know that I had done nothing wrong.
► It will ease my conscience to know that I had done nothing wrong.

B. Look at the following phrases and their meanings. Use the phrases to fill in the blanks in the sentences given below.

set up
put in place or start
set aside
save or keep for a particular purpose
set down
write or record
set out
start on a journey
set in
begin and seem likely to continue

1. Why don’t you ————— your ideas on paper?
► set down

2. A fund has been ————— for the soldiers’ families.
► set up

3. We should ————— a little money every month.
► set aside

4. You should buy some woollens before winter ———— .
► set in

5. They ————— on the last stage of their journey.
► set out

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कारतूस - पठन सामग्री और सार NCERT Class 10th Hindi

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पठन सामग्री, अतिरिक्त प्रश्न और उत्तर और सार - कारतूस स्पर्श भाग - 2

सारांश

यह पाठ जाँबाज़ वज़ीर अली के जिंदगी का एक अंश है। इस नाटक में उस हिस्से को बताया गया है जब वज़ीर अली अपने दुश्मन के कैंप में जाकर वहाँ से अपने लिए कारतूस ले जाता है और अपने बहादुरी का गुणगान अपने दुश्मनों से करवाता है।

नाटक के पात्र - कर्नल, लेफ्टिनेंट, सिपाही, सवार (वज़ीर अली)

अंग्रेज़ सरकार के आदेशानुसार वज़ीर अली को गिरफ्तार करने के लिए कर्नल कालिंज अपने लेफ्टिनेंट और सिपाहियों के साथ जंगल में डेरा डाले हुए हैं। उन्हें जंगल में आये हुए हफ्ते गुजर गए हैं परन्तु वह अभी तक वजीर अली को गिरफ्तार नही कर पाये हैं। वजीर अली के दिल में अंग्रेज़ों के प्रति नफरत की बातें सुनकर उन्हें रॉबिनहुड की याद आ जाती है। अपने पांच महीने के शासनकाल में उसने अवध के दरबार से अंग्रेजी हुकूमत को साफ़ कर दिया। सआदत अली आसिफउद्दौला का भाई है साथ ही वज़ीर अली का दुश्मन भी है क्योंकि आसिफउद्दौला के यहाँ लड़के की कोई उम्मीद नहीं थी परन्तु वज़ीर अली ने सआदत अली के सारे सपने को तोड़ दिया।

अंग्रेज़ों ने सआदत अली को अवध के तख़्त पर बैठाया क्योंकि वो अंग्रेज़ों से मिलकर रहता है और ऐश पसंद आदमी है। इसके बदले में सआदत अली ने अंग्रेज़ों को आधी दौलत और दस लाख रूपये नगद दिए।

लेफ्टिनेंट कहता है कि सुना है वज़ीर अली ने अफ़गानिस्तान के बादशाह शाहे-ज़मा को हिन्दुस्तान पर हमला करने की दावत दी है इसपर कर्नल ने कहा कि अफ़गानिस्तान को हमले की दावत सबसे पहले टीपू सुल्तान ने दी, फिर वज़ीर अली ने भी उसे दिल्ली बुलाया फिर शमसुद्दौला ने भी जो नवाब बंगाल का रिश्ते का भाई है और बहुत खतरनाक है। इस तरह पूरे हिन्दुस्तान में कंपनी के खिलाफ लहर दौड़ गयी है। यदि यह कामयाब हो गयी तो लार्ड क्लाइव ने बक्सर और प्लासी के युद्ध में जो हासिल किया था वह लार्ड वेल्जली के हाथों खो देगी। कर्नल पूरी एक फ़ौज लिए वज़ीर अली का पीछा जंगलों में कर रहा है परन्तु वह पकड़ में नहीं आ रहा है।

कर्नल ने वज़ीर अली द्वारा कंपनी के वकील की हत्या करने का किस्सा सुनाते हुए कहा कि हमने वज़ीर अली को पद से हटाकर तीन लाख रूपए सालना देकर बनारस भेज दिया। कुछ महीने बाद गवर्नर जनरल ने उसे कलकत्ता बुलाया। वज़ीर अली बनारस में रह रहे कंपनी के वकील के पास जाकर पूछा कि उसे कलकत्ता क्यों बुलाया जाता है इसपर वकील ने उसे बुरा-भला कह दिया, जिस कारण वज़ीर अली ने वकील को खंजर से मार दिया। उसके बाद वह अपने कुछ साथियों के साथ आजमगढ़ भाग गया वहां के शासन ने उनलोगों को सुरक्षित घागरा पहुँचा दिया अब वे इन्हीं जंगलों में कई साल से भटक रहे हैं। लेफ्टिनेंट द्वारा पूछे जाने पर कर्नल ने वज़ीर अली की स्कीम बताते हुए कहता है कि वे किसी तरह नेपाल पहुँचना चाहते हैं। अफ़गानी हमले का  इंतज़ार करें  ताक़त बढ़ाएँ। वह सआदत अली को उसके पद से हटाकर खुद कब्ज़ा करे और अंग्रेज़ों को हिन्दुस्तान से निकाल दे। लेफ्टिनेंट अपनी शंका जताते हुए कहता है कि हो सकता है की वे लोग नेपाल पहुँच गए हों जिसपर कर्नल उसे भरोसा दिलाते हुए बताता है कि अंग्रेजी और सआदत अली की फौजें बड़ी सख्ती से उनका पीछा कर रही हैं और उन्हें पता है की वह इन्हीं जंगलों में है।

तभी एक सिपाही आकर कर्नल को बताता है कि दूर से धूल उड़ती दिखाई दे रही है लगता है कोई काफिला चला आ रहा हो। कर्नल सभी को मुस्तैद रहने का आदेश देता है। लेफ्टिनेंट और कर्नल देखते हैं की केवल एक ही आदमी है। कर्नल सिपाहियों से उसपर नजर रखने को कहता है। घुड़सवार उनकी और आकर रुक जाता है और इज़ाज़त लेकर कर्नल से मिलने अंदर जाता है और एकांत की माँग करता है जिसपर कर्नल सिपाही और लेफ्टिनेंट को बाहर भेज देते हैं। वह कर्नल से कहता है कि वज़ीर अली को पकड़ना कठिन और कारतूस की माँग करता है। कर्नल उसे कारतूस दे देता है। जब वह कारतूस लेकर जाने लगता है तो कर्नल उससे उसका नाम पूछता है। वह अपना नाम वज़ीर अली बताता है और कारतूस देने के कारण उसकी जान बख्शने की बात कहता है। उसके चले जाने के बाद लेफ्टिनेंट जब पूछता है कि कौन था तब कर्नल एक जाँबाज़ सिपाही बतलाता है।

लेखक परिचय

हबीब तनवीर

इनका जन्म 1923 में छत्तीसगढ़ के रायपुर में हुआ था। इन्होनें 1944 में स्नातक की उपाधि प्राप्त की। उसके बाद ब्रिटेन की नाटक अकादमी से नाट्य-लेखन अध्यन करने गए और फिर दिल्ली लौटकर पेशेवर नाट्य पांच की स्थापना की।

प्रमुख कार्य

प्रमुख नाटक - आगरा बाज़ार, चरनदास चोर, देख रहे हैं नैन, हिरमा की अमर कहानी।
बसंत ऋतू का सपना, शाजापुर की शांति बाई, मिट्टी की गाडी और मुद्राराक्षस नाटकों का आधुनिक रूपांतर किया।
पुरस्कार - फेलोशिप, पद्मश्री सहित कई अन्य पुरस्कार।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

• खेमा - डेरा
• अफ़साने - कहानियाँ
• कारनामे - ऐसे काम जो याद रहें
• पैदाइश - जन्म
• तख़्त - सिंहासन
• मसलेहत - रहस्य
• ऐश पसंद - भोग विलास पसंद करने वाला
• जाँबाज़ - जान की बाज़ी लगाने वाला
• दमखम- शक्ति और दृढ़ता
• जाती तौर पर - व्यक्तिगत रूप से
• वज़ीफा - परवरिश के लिए दी जाने वाली राशि
• मुकर्रर - तय करना
• तलब किया - याद किया
• हुक्मरां - शासक
• गर्द - धूल
• काफ़िला - एक क्षेत्र से दूसरे क्षेत्र में जाने वाले यात्रियों का समूह
• शुब्हे - संदेह
• दिवार हमगोश दारद - दीवारों के भी कान होते हैं
• लावलश्कर - सेना का बड़ा समूह और युद्ध सामग्री
• कारतूस - पीतल और दफ़्ती आदि की एक नली जिसमें गोली तथा बारूद भरी होती है।

NCERT Solutions of कारतूस

NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: Ch 10 Eighteenth-Century Political Formations History

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NCERT Solutions for Class 7th: Ch 10 Eighteenth-Century Political Formations Our Pasts 2

Page No: 153

Let’s recall

1. Match the following:
subadara revenue farmer
faujdara high noble
ijaradar                  provincial governor
mislMaratha peasant warriors
chautha Mughal military commander
kunbisa band of Sikh warriors
umaratax levied by the Marathas

Answer

subadarprovincial governor
faujdara Mughal military commander
ijaradar                  a revenue farmer
misla band of Sikh warriors
chauthtax levied by the Marathas
kunbisMaratha peasant warriors
umaraa high noble

2. Fill in the blanks:
(a) Aurangzeb fought a protracted war in the ____________________.
(b) Umara and jagirdars constituted powerful sections of the Mughal __________________.
(c) Asaf Jah was given charge of the Deccan subadari in _____________________.
(d) The founder of the Awadh nawabi was ______________________.

Answer

(a) Aurangzeb fought a protracted war in the Deccan.

(b) Umara and jagirdars constituted powerful sections of the Mughal administration.

(c) Asaf Jah founded the Hyderabad state in 1724.

(d) The founder of the Awadh state was Sa’adat Khan.

3. State whether true or false:
(a) Nadir Shah invaded Bengal.
(b) Sawai Raja Jai Singh was the ruler of Indore.
(c) Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs.
(d) Poona became the capital of the Marathas in the eighteenth century.

Answer

(a) False 
(b) False 
(c) True 
(d) True

4. What were the offices held by Sa‘adat Khan?

Answer

Sa‘adat Khan held the combined offices of subadari, diwani and faujdari.

Page No: 154

Let’s discuss

5. Why did the Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal try to do away with the jagirdari system?


Answer

(i) Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal try to do away with the jagirdari system to decrease the influence of Mughal in their provinces.
(ii) The jagirdars appointed at the time of Mughals were corrupt so he reduced the size of jagirs, and appointed his own loyal servants to vacant positions. 
(iii) They checked the accounts of jagirdars to prevent cheating and corruption.
(iv) The revenues of all districts were reassessed by officials appointed by the Nawab’s court.

6. How were the Sikhs organised in the eighteenth century?

Answer

(i) The Sikhs organized themselves into a number of bands called jathas, and later on misls under a number of able leaders.
(ii) The combined forces of Sikhs known as the grand army (dal khalsa) used to meet at Amritsar at the time of Baisakhi and Diwali to take collective decisions.
(iii) They offered protection to the cultivators on the payment of a tax of 20 per cent of the produce called rakhi.
(iv) Guru Gobind Singh had inspired the Khalsa with the belief that their destiny was to rule.

7. Why did the Marathas want to expand beyond the Deccan?

Answer

(i) Marathas want to expand beyond the Deccan as expansion brought enormous resources.
(ii) The domination made to pay tribute as a way of accepting Maratha sovereignty.
(iii) Military campaigns also made other rulers hostile towards the Marathas.
(iv) The Marathas developed an effective administrative system by endless military campaigns.

8. What were the policies adopted by Asaf Jah to strengthen his position?

Answer

Policies adopted by Asaf Jah to strengthen his position:
(i) He already had full control over the political and financial administration of Deccan.
(ii) He gathered power in his hands by taking advantage of the turmoil in the Deccan and the competition amongst the court nobility.
(iii) He ruled quite independently without seeking any direction from Delhi or facing any interference.
(iv)  Gradually, he became the actual ruler of that region.

9. Do you think merchants and bankers today have the kind of influence they had in the eighteenth century?

Answer

In today's world, merchants and bankers don't have the kind of influence they had in the eighteenth century. The idea of democracy changed the whole scenario. Everything from revenue share to the price in the market comes under a rule which is governed by the higher authorities chosen itself by people unlike in 18th century.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 8 A Game of Chance English

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 8 A Game of Chance Honeysuckle English

Page No: 103

Working with Text

A. Complete the following sentences from memory choosing a phrase from those given in brackets.

1. ————————————— was held at the time of the Eid festival. (A big show, A big fair, A big competition)
► A big fair

2. Tradesmen came to the village with all kinds of goods —————— . (to display, to buy, to sell)
► to sell

3. Uncle told me  —————— while he was away. (not to buy anything, not to go anywhere, not to talk to anyone)
► not to buy anything

4. The owner of the Lucky Shop wanted everybody present ——————— . (to play the game, to win a prize, to try their luck)
► to try their luck

5. The first time I took a chance I got  —————————————–— . (a bottle of ink, two pencils, a trifle)
► two pencils

6. Uncle told me that the shopkeeper had made ————————. (a fool of me, a good profit, friends with many people)
► a fool of me

Page no: 104

B. Answer the following questions.

1. Why do you think Rasheed’s uncle asked him not to buy anything in his absence? (3)

Answer

Rasheed’s uncle asked him not to buy anything in his absence because he knew that the shopkeepers would cheat him.

2. Why was the shop called ‘Lucky Shop’? (4)

Answer

The shop was called Lucky Shop because everybody can try their luck.

3. An old man won a clock and sold it back to the shopkeeper. How much money did he make? (5)

Answer

The old man made 15 rupees by selling the clock back to the shopkeeper.

4. How many prizes did the boy win? What were they? (6)

Answer

The boy won four prizes. They were a comb, a fountain pen, a wristwatch and a table lamp.

5. Why was Rasheed upset? (7, 8, 9)

Answer

Rasheed was upset because he had hopes of winning a big prize and he continued trying his luck again and again. But every time he got a trifle. People were looking at him and laughing at his bad luck, but no one showed any sympathy. He played till he finished all his money.

6. In what way did the shopkeeper make a fool of Rasheed? (11)

Answer

The shopkeeper played tricks to tempt to try his luck by making him believe that it was luck that got the old man and the boy their prizes but in reality they were friends of the shopkeeper. Therefore, Rasheed tried his luck again and again but only got some cheap things which he sold back to the shopkeeper and lost all his money.

Working with Language

I. The words given against the sentences below can be used both as nouns and verbs. Use them appropriately to fill in the blanks.

1. (i) The two teams have  ————— three matches already. (play)
► played

(ii) The last day’s  ———— was excellent.
► play

2. (i) She has a lovely  ————— . (face)
► face

(ii) India  ————— a number of problems these days.
► is facing

3. (i) He made his  —————— in essay-writing.(mark)
► mark

(ii) Articles  ————— ‘sold’ are reserved.
► marked

4. (i) The police are  ————— the area to catch the burglars. (comb)
► combing

(ii) An ordinary plastic ————— costs five rupees.
► comb

5. (i) He gave a  ————— in answer to my question. (smile)
► smile

(ii) We also  ————— to see him smile.
► smiled

6. (i) He said he  ————— to be invited to the party. (hope)
► hoped

(ii) We gave up  —————— of his joining the party.
► hope

7. (i) The boys put up a good athletic ————— . (show)
► show

(ii) The soldiers  ————— great courage in saving people from floods.
► showed

8. (i) You deserve a  ————— on the back for your good performance. (pat)
► pat

(ii) The teacher  ———— the child on the cheek to encourage her.
► patted

Page No: 105

B. Notice the use of 'there' in the following sentences.
There was a big crowd at the fair.
There were many things I'd have liked to buy.
Now rewrite the following sentences using 'there' in the beginning. Look at the following examples.
I can do nothing to help you.
There is nothing I can do to help you.
A man at the door is asking to see you.
There is a man at the door asking to see you.

1. This park has beautiful roses.
► There are beautiful roses in this park.

2. Your story has no fun in it.
► There is no fun in your story.

3. We have no secrets between us.
► There are no secrets between us.

4. My village has two primary schools.
► There are two primary schools in my village.

5. This problem can be solved in two ways.
► There are two ways to solve this problem.

Page No: 106

C. Fill in the blanks in the paragraph below with words from the box.

huge big foolish interesting tiny unlucky last

There was a  ———— Eid fair in our village. We could buy anything from a  ————— toy to a
———— camel. I went to the fair on its ———— day with Uncle and Bhaiya. We went to the Lucky Shop. It was very ———— . I tried my luck but did not win any prize. Later, Uncle told me that I was more  ———— than  ———— .

Answer

There was a big Eid fair in our village. We could buy anything from a tiny toy to a huge camel. I went to the fair on its last day with Uncle and Bhaiya. We went to the lucky shop. It was very interesting. I tried my luck but did not win any prize. Later uncle told me that I was more foolish than unlucky.

Our Pasts 1- Class 6th NCERT Solutions History

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Our Pasts 1 Class 6th NCERT Solutions of History

Get answers of your textbook. If you have any problem in finding the correct answers of History Textbook then you can find here. This page will help in finding those NCERT Solutions of books.Here you find complete chapter detailed questions and answers of Class 6 History. The answer of each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters and select needy one. Also, you can read NCERT book online in this section.

Chapter 1- What, Where, How and When?

Chapter 2-On the trail of the earliest people

Chapter 3- From gathering to growing food

Chapter 4- In the earliest cities

Chapter 5- What books and burials tells us

Chapter 6- Kingdoms, kings and an early republic

Chapter 7-  News questions and ideas

Chapter 8- Ashoka, the emperor who gave up the war

Chapter 9- Vital villages, thriving towns

Chapter 10- Traders, Kings and Pligrims

Chapter 11- New emperors and kingdoms

Chapter 12- Building,Paintings and Books

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 1 What, Where, How and When? History

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 1 What, Where, How and When? Our Pasts 2

Page No: 9

Imagine

You have to interview an archaeologist. Prepare a list of five questions that you would like to ask her/him.

Answer

List of five questions are:
• What is archaeology?
• What is the importance of archaeology?
• How do archaeologists gather data?
• What are the various types of archaeology?
• How archaeologist determine time-period of any finding?

Let's Recall

1. Match the following:
Narmada Valley - The first big kingdom
Magadha - Hunting and gathering
Garo hills - Cities about 2500 years ago
Indus and its tributaries - Early agriculture
Ganga Valley - The first cities

Answer

Narmada Valley - Hunting and gathering
Magadha - The first big kingdom
Garo hills - Early agriculture
Indus and its tributaries - The first cities
Ganga Valley - Cities about 2500 years ago

2. List one major difference between manuscripts and inscriptions.

Answer

Manuscripts are written by hand which were usually written on palm leaf, or on the specially prepared bark of a tree while inscriptions were engraved either on hard surfaces such as stone and metal.

Let's Discuss

3. Return to Rasheeda’s question. Can you think of some answers to it?

Answer

Rasheeda’s question is, "How could anyone know what had happened so many years ago?" We can know what had happened so many years ago by reading books which were based upon findings by historians and archeologists through past remains such as manuscripts, inscriptions, tools, weapons, etc.

Page No: 10

4. Make a list of all the objects that archaeologists may find. Which of these could be made of stone?

Answer

List of all the objects that archaeologists may find are:
• Remains of buildings
• Paintings and sculpture
• Tools
• Weapons
• Pots
• Ornaments
• Coins
• Bones of birds, animals, fish etc.
Tools, weapons, sculpture, could be made of stone.

5. Why do you think ordinary men and women did not generally keep records of what they did?

Answer

The ordinary men and women did not generally keep records of what they did because they weren't doing any notable works. They are living their ordinary life also they didn't know about reading and writing.

6. Describe at least two ways in which you think the lives of kings would have been different from those of farmers.

Answer

Two ways in which the lives of kings are different from farmers:
• Farmers had to work in their field while king's duty was to protect his citizen.
• Kings fought battles and kept records of their victories while farmers led their ordinary life and they didn't keep any record.

Let's Do

7. Find the word crafts persons on page 1. List at least five different crafts that you know about today. Are the crafts persons — (a) men (b) women (c) both men and women?

Answer

Weaving, Carpentry, Dyeing, Pottery-making, Carpet-making are five crafts that exist today. In today's world, both men and women are crafts persons.

8. What were the subjects on which books were written in the past? Which of these would you like to read?

Answer

The books which are in the past dealt with all kinds of subjects such as religious beliefs and practices, the lives of kings, medicine and science. Also, epics, poems, plays were written. I would like to read (name of your book).

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11th: Ch 4 Social Justice

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NCERT Solutions for Class 11th: Ch 4 Social Justice Political Science

Page No: 66

Exercises

1. What does it mean to give each person his/her due? How has the meaning of “giving each his due” changed over time?

Answer

Giving each person his/her due means that providing justice by ensuring the well-being of the people.
The meaning of “giving each his due” changed over time, In today's world, it means understanding of what is due to each person as a human being. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant argued that if all persons are granted dignity then what is due to each of them is the opportunity to develop their talents and pursue their chosen goals.

2. Briefly discuss the three principles of justice outlined in the chapter? Explain each with examples.

Answer

Three principles of justice with examples are:

• Equal Treatment for Equals: It is the principle of treating equals equally as all individuals share certain characteristics as human beings. Therefore, they deserve equal rights and equal treatment. It includes civil rights like right to life, liberty and property, political rights like right to vote and social rights related to equal social opportunities. The people should not be discriminated against on grounds of class, caste, race or gender. They should be judged on the basis of their work and actions.
For example: if two persons from different castes perform the same kind of work, whether it be breaking stones or delivering Pizzas, they should receive the same kind of reward.

• Proportionate Justice: It is the principle of rewarding people in proportion to the scale and quality of their effort. It would be fair and just to reward different kinds of work differently if we take into account factors such as the effort required, the skills required, the possible dangers involved in that work, and so on. The principle of equal treatment needs to be balanced with the principle of proportionality. For example: The reward and compensation of police officer and clerk should be different according to skill and dangers involved.

• Recognition of Special Needs: This principle is for a society to take into account special needs of people while distributing rewards or duties. This is a way of promoting social justice. Physical disabilities, age or lack of access to good education or health care, are some of the factors which are considered grounds for special treatment in many countries. For example: The reservations of government jobs for people belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Tribes.

3. Does the principle of considering the special needs of people conflict with the principle of equal treatment for all?

Answer

No, the principle of considering the special needs of people does not conflict with the principle of equal treatment for all because the principle of treating equals equally could imply that people who are not equal in certain important respects could be treated differently. People with special needs or disabilities could be considered unequal in some particular respect thus special treatment require for integration with society.

4. How does Rawls use the idea of a veil of ignorance to argue that fair and just distribution can be defended on rational grounds?

Answer

Under idea of a veil of ignorance, only way we a person arrive at a fair and just rule is if he/she imagine themselves to be in a situation in which he/she have to make decisions about how society should be organised. There is complete ignorance about their possible position and status in society therefore he/she would rationally decide from the point of view of the worst-off. It would be sensible in this situation for everyone to ensure that all resources are available equally to all persons. Thus, Rawls, with his idea of 'veil of ignorance', is able to prove that fair and just distribution can be defended on rational grounds.

5. What are generally considered to be the basic minimum requirements of people for living a healthy and productive life? What is the responsibility of governments in trying to ensure this minimum to all?

Answer

Housing, supply of clean water, basic amount of nourishment to remain healthy, education and minimum wage are the basic minimum requirements of people for living a healthy and productive life.
The responsibility of governments in trying to ensure this minimum to all are:
• Government should encourage private agencies to provide services such as health care, education etc. and make policies that should try to empower people to buy those services.
• It might also be necessary for the government to give special help to the old and the sick who cannot compete.
• It should make availability of good quality goods and services at a cost people can afford.
• Government should maintain a framework of laws and regulations to ensure that competition between individuals remains free of coercion and other obstacles in market.

6. Which of the following arguments could be used to justify state action to provide basic minimum conditions of life to all citizens?

(a) Providing free services to the poor and needy can be justified as an act of charity.
► No, it is unjustified state action to provide basic minimum conditions of life to all citizens as services to the poor and needy are their rights. The government should not give these as charity.

(b) Providing all citizens with a basic minimum standard of living is one way of ensuring equality of opportunity.
► Yes, it is justified state action to provide basic minimum conditions of life to all citizens because it is basic responsibility of the government to provide opportunities for citizens.

(c) Some people are naturally lazy and we should be kind to them.
► No, it is unjustified state action to provide basic minimum conditions of life to all citizens as laziness is not physical handicap.

(d) Ensuring basic facilities and a minimum standard of living to all is a recognition of our shared humanity and a human right.
► Yes, it is justified state action to provide basic minimum conditions of life to all citizens.


NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 9 Desert Animals English

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 9 Desert Animals Honeysuckle English

Page No: 117

Working with Text

A. 1. Talk to your partner and say whether the following statements are true or false.

(i) No animal can survive without water.
► True

(ii) Deserts are endless sand dunes.
► False

(iii) Most snakes are harmless.
► True

(iv) Snakes cannot hear, but they can feel vibrations through the ground.
► True

(v) Camels store water in their humps.
► False

2. Answer the following questions.

(i) How do desert animals survive without water? (1)

Answer

Desert animals cannot survive without water. They find different ways of coping with the harsh desert conditions. For example, gerbils spend the hottest part of the day in cool underground burrows. And darkling beetles catch moisture on their legs and then lift them into the air till the drops trickle down into their mouths.

(ii) How do mongooses kill snakes? (6)

Answer

Mongooses kill snakes without getting hurt themselves. Their reactions are so fast that they dodge each time the snake strikes. They continually make a nuisance of themselves, and after a while, when the snake gets tired, they quickly dive in for the kill.

(iii) How does the hump of the camels help them to survive when there is no water? (9)

Answer

The humps of the camels help the animal to survive in the desert, by acting as storage containers. The hump is full of fat that nourishes the camel when food is scarce. If they have nothing to eat for
several days, their humps shrink as the fat is used up.

B. Read the words/phrases in the box. With your partner find their meaning in the dictionary.

Harsh conditions  harmless  survive  intruder  threatened  predators  prey  continually 
Fill in the blanks in the following passage with the above words/phrases.

All animals in forests and deserts struggle to ______ in ______. Though most of the animals are ______, some are dangerous when ______. If an ______ is noticed, they attack or bite to save themselves. They struggle ______ for food and water. Some animals are called ______ because they ______ on other animals.

Answer

All animals in forests and deserts struggle to survive in harsh conditions. Though most of the animals are harmless, some are dangerous when threatened. If an intruder is noticed, they attack or bite to save themselves. They struggle continually for food and water. Some animals are called predators because they prey on other animals.

Page No: 118

Thinking about Language

Look at these sentences.
• Most snakes are quite harmless, but a few are poisonous.
• Most snakes lay eggs, but the rattlesnake gives birth to its young.

Now write five sentences like these using 'most' and the clues below.

1. (90% of) people are honest (10%) are dishonest.

__________________________________________________
► Most people are honest, but about ten percent are dishonest.

2. (Lots of) fruit have plenty of sugar, (some) citrus fruit are low in sugar.
__________________________________________________
► Most fruits have plenty of sugar, but some citrus fruits have less sugar.

3. (Every soft drink except this one) has lots of 'empty calories'.
__________________________________________________
► Most soft drinks have lots of 'empty calories', but this one does not have 'empty calories'.

4. (The majority of) films are romances, (a few) are on other topics.
__________________________________________________
► Most films are romances, but a few are on other topics.

5. (A majority of) people agree that he is a good leader, (just a few) disagree.
__________________________________________________
► Most people agree that he is a good leader, but a few disagree.

Page No: 119

Look at these sentences.
• Animals cannot survive for long without water.
• So desert animals have to find different ways of coping.

The first sentence says what cannot happen or be done; the second tells us what must, therefore, be done, what it is necessary to do.

Complete these sentences using cannot and have to/has to.

1. You ______ reach the island by land or air; you ______ go by boat.
► You cannot reach the island by land or air; you have to go by boat.

2. We ______ see bacteria with our eyes; we ______ look at them through a microscope.
► We cannot see bacteria with our eyes; we have to look at them through a microscope.

3. He ______ have a new bicycle now; he ______ wait till next year.
► He cannot have a new bicycle now; he has to wait till next year.

4. Old people often ______ hear very well; they ______ use a hearing aid.
► Old people often cannot hear very well; they have to use a hearing aid.

5. Road users ______ do what they wish; they ______ follow the traffic rules.
► Road users cannot do what they wish; they have to follow the traffic rules.

6. She ______ accept this decision; she ______ question it.
► She cannot accept this decision; she has to question it.

7. You ______ believe everything you hear; you ______ use your own judgement.
► You cannot believe everything you hear; you have to use your own judgment.

Whatif

Shel Silverstein

1. (i) Who is the speaker in the poem?

Answer

The speaker in the poem is child.

(ii) With your partner list out the happenings the speaker is worried about.

Answer

The speaker is worried if he was dumb in school, if they had closed the swimming pool, if he got beaten up, if there was poison in his cup, if he started to cry, if he got sick and died, if he flunked that test, if green hair grew on his chest, if nobody liked him, if a bolt of lightning struck him, if he did not grow taller, if his head started getting smaller, if the fish would not bite, if the wind tore up his kite, if they started a war, if his parents got divorced, if the bus was late, if his teeth did not grow in straight, if he tore his pants, if he never learnt to dance.

(iii) Why do you think she/he has these worries? Can you think of ways to get rid of such worries?

Answer

She/he has these worries because in the night she/he is free therefore, these fearful thoughts started coming in his mind. To get rid of such worries she/he should involve their mind in creative work.

2. Read the following line. 
Some Whatifs crawled inside my ear
Can words crawl into your ear? This is an image. The poet is trying to make an image of what she/he experiences. Now with your partner try and list out some more images from the poem.

Answer

Some other images are:
• Pranced and partied all night long
• Sang their old whatif song.
• Whatif a bolt of lightning strikes me

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 2 On the trail of the earliest people History

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 2 On the trail of the earliest people History Our Pasts 2

Page No: 20

Let's Recall

1. Complete the sentences:

(a) Hunter-gatherers chose to live in caves and rock shelters because ————————.
► they provided shelter from rain, heat and wind

(b) Grasslands developed around ———————— years ago.
►12,000

(c) Early people painted on the ———————— of caves.
► walls

(d) In Hunsgi, tools were made of ————————.
► stones

2. Look at the present-day political map of the Indian subcontinent. Find out the states where Bhimbetka, Hunsgi and Kurnool are located.

Answer

Bhimbetka is in Madhya Pradesh, Hunsgi is in Karnataka and Kurnool is in Andhra Pradesh.

Let's Discuss

3. Why did the hunter-gatherers travel from place to place? In what ways are these similar to/different from the reasons for which we travel today?

Answer

Hunter-gatherers travelled from place-to-place:
• In search of plant and animal resources when had exhausted at one place.
• In search of smaller prey, or, in the case of deer and wild cattle, in search of grass and leaves. Therefore, those who hunted them had to follow their movements.
• Plants and trees bear fruit in different seasons. So, people may have moved from season to season in search of different kinds of plants.
• People living on the banks of rivers and lakes which are seasonal would have had to go in search of water during the dry seasons.
• Also, People may have travelled on foot to meet their friends and relatives.
Today, we do not travel for water and food but in search of jobs to earn their livelihood. Also, we travel to interesting place, business and to meet friends and relatives.

4. What tools would you use today for cutting fruit? What would they be made of?

Answer

We use knife for cutting fruit. It would be made of stainless steel.

5. List three ways in which hunter-gatherers used fire (see page16). Would you use fire for any of these purposes today?

Answer

Hunt-gatherers used fire:
• To Cook food
• To scare away animals
• As a source of light
We would use fire to cook food.

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 10 The Banyan Tree English

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 10 The Banyan Tree Honeysuckle English

- Ruskin Bond

Page No: 131

Working with Text

A. Complete the following sentences.

1. The old banyan tree “did not belong” to grandfather, but only to the boy, because ____________.
► the grandfather at sixty-five could no longer climb it.

2. The small gray squirrel became friendly when __________________ .
► he found that the boy did not arm himself with catapult or air-gun.

3. When the boy started to bring him pieces of cake and biscuit, the squirrel ____________________.
► quite bold and was soon taking morsels from the author's hand.

4. In the spring, the banyan tree ___________, and __________ would come there.
► was full of small red figs, birds of all kinds

5. The banyan tree served the boy as a ______________.
► library.

6. The young boy spent his afternoons in the tree _____________.
► when it was not too hot

Page No: 132

B. Answer the following questions.

1. “It was to be a battle of champions.” (8)
(i) What qualities did the two champions have? Pick out words and phrases from the paragraph above this line in the text and write them down.
Mongoose
Cobra
(a) _________________(a) ________________
(b) __________________(b) _________________
(c) __________________(c) __________________
(ii) What did the cobra and the mongoose do, to showtheir readiness for the fight?

Answer

Mongoose
Cobra
(a) superb fighter(a) skilful
(b) clever(b) experienced
(c) aggresive(c) swift

(ii) To show its readiness for the fight, the cobra hissed defiance, his forked tongue darting in and out. It raised three of its six feet off the ground, and spread its broad and spectacled hood. The
mongoose bushed his tail. The long hair on his spine stood up.

2. Who were the other two spectators? What did they do? (Did they watch, or did they join in the fight?) (10)

Answer

The other two spectators were a jungle crow and a myna. They settled on a cactus to watch the outcome. But they did not just watch. They tried to join the fight by hurling themselves at the cobra.

3. Read the descriptions below of what the snake did and what the mongoose did. Arrange their actions in the proper order. (11, 16)

(i) ceased to struggle• grabbed the snake by
the snout
(ii) tried to mesmerise the mongoose• dragged the snake into the bushes
(iii) coiled itself around the mongoose• darted away and bit the cobra on the back
(iv) struck the crow• pretended to attack the cobra on side
(v) struck again and missed• refused to look into the snake's eyes
(vi) struck on the side that the mongoose pretended to attack• sprang aside, jumped in and bit

Answer

Snake
Mongoose
(ii) tried to mesmerise the mongoose• refused to look into the snake's eyes
(vi) struck on the side that the mongoose pretended to attack• pretended to attack the cobra on side
(v) struck again and missed• sprang aside, jumped in and bit
(iv) struck the crow• darted away and bit the cobra on the back
(iii) coiled itself around the mongoose• grabbed the snake by
the snout
(i) ceased to struggle• dragged the snake into the bushes

4. (i) What happened to the crow in the end? (16)
(ii) What did the myna do finally? (17)

Answer

(i) In the end the crow flung nearly twenty feet across the garden by a blow from the cobra's snout. It fluttered about for a while, then lay still.

(ii) Myna finally dropped cautiously to the ground, hopped about, peered into the bushes from a safe distance and then with a shrill cry of congratulations flew away.

Page No: 133

Working with Language

A. 1. The word ‘round’ usually means a kind of shape. What is its meaning in the story?

Answer

The word 'round' in the story means the different phases of the fight between the cobra and the mongoose.

2. Find five words in the following paragraph, which are generally associated with trees. But here, they have been used differently. Underline the words.

Hari leaves for work at nine every morning. He works in the local branch of the firm of which his uncle is the owner. Hari’s success is really the fruit of his own labour. He is happy, but he has a small problem. The root cause of his problem is a stray dog near his office. The dog welcomes Hari with a loud bark every day.

Answer

Leaves, branch, fruit, root and bark.

Page No: 134

B. The words in the box are all words that describe movement. Use them to fill in the blanks in the sentences below.

dived  gliding  sprang  darting
whipped... back  delving

1. When he began to trust me, the squirrel began  ————— into my pockets for morsels of cake.
► delving

2. I saw a cobra  ————— out of a clump of cactus.
► gliding

3. The snake hissed, his forked tongue  ————— in and out.
► darting

4. When the cobra tried to bite it, the mongoose  ——————— aside.
► sprang

5. The snake  —————— his head  —————— to strike at the crow.
► whipped, back

6. The birds  —————— at the snake.
► dived

C. Find words in the story, which show things striking violently against each other.

1. The cobra struck the crow, his snout th  — — — ing against its body. (15)
► thudding

2. The crow and the myna c  — ll  — — — — in mid-air. (13)
► collided

3. The birds dived at the snake, but b  — — — — d into each other instead. (14)
► bumped

Page No: 135

C. Choose would and could to replace the italicised words in the following sentences.
Grandfather says, in the old days,

1. elephants were able to fly in the sky, like clouds. They were also able to change their shapes. They used to fly behind clouds and frighten them. People used to look up at the sky in wonder.
► elephants could fly in the sky like clouds. They could change their shapes. They would fly behind clouds and frighten them. People would look up at the sky and wonder.

2. because there was no electricity, he used to get up with the sun, and he used to go to bed with the sun, like the birds.
► because there was no electricity, he would get up with the sun, and he would go to bed with the sun, like the birds.

3. like the owl, he was able to see quite well in the dark. He was able to tell who was coming by listening to their footsteps.
► like the owl, he could see quite well in the dark. He could tell who was coming by listening to their footsteps.

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Social and Political Life- Class 7th NCERT Solutions Civics

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Social and Political Life Class 7th NCERT Solutions of Civics

Get answers of your textbook. If you have any problem in finding the correct answers of Civics Textbookthen you can find here. This page will help in finding those NCERT Solutions of books.Here you find complete chapter detailed questions and answers of Class 7 Civics. The answer of each chapter is provided in the list so that you can easily browse throughout different chapters and select needy one. Also, you can read NCERT book online in this section.

Unit One: Equality in Indian Democracy

Chapter 1- On Equality

Unit Two: State Government

Chapter 2-  Role of the Government in Health

Chapter 3- How the State Government Works

Unit Three: Gender

Chapter 4- Growing up as Boys and Girls

Chapter 5-  Women Change the World

Unit Four: Media and Advertising

Chapter 6- Understanding Media

Chapter 7-  Understanding Advertising

Unit Five: Markets

Chapter 8- Markets Around Us

Chapter 9- A Shirt in the Market

Equality in Indian Democracy (continued)

Chapter10- Struggles for Equality

NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 3 From gathering to growing food

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6th: Ch 3 From gathering to growing food History Our Pasts 2

Page No: 31

Let's Recall

1. Why do people who grow crops have to stay in the same place for a long time?

Answer

People who grow crops have to stay in the same place for a long time because they had to look after the crops. The plants had to be watered and had to be protected from birds and animals so that they could grow and the seeds would ripen.

2. Look at the table on page 25. If Neinuo wanted to eat rice, which are the places she should have visited?

Answer

If Neinuo wanted to eat rice, she should have visited Koldihwa and Mahagara (both are in present-day Uttar Pradesh).

3. Why do archaeologists think that many people who lived in Mehrgarh were hunters to start with and that herding became more important later?

Answer

Archaeologists think that many people who lived in Mehrgarh were hunters to start with and that herding became more important later because at earlier levels of the excavation site bones of wild
animals such as the deer and pig were found but at later levels more bones of sheep, goat and cattle bones are most common.

4. State whether true or false:

(a) Millets have been found at Hallur.
► True

(b) People in Burzahom lived in rectangular houses.
► False

(c) Chirand is a site in Kashmir.
► False

(d) Jadeite, found in Daojali Hading, may have been brought from China.
► True

Let's Discuss

5. List three ways in which the lives of farmers and herders would have been different from that of hunter-gatherers.

Answer

Three ways in which the lives of farmers and herders would have been different from hunt-gatherers are:
• Hunt-gatherers keep moving from place to place in search of food while farmers and herders grow their food from their living place.
• Hunt-gatherers did not build any permanent houses mostly they live in caves while farmers and herders build huts and houses.
• Hunt-gatherers had no role in protecting animals and plants while famers and herders protect animals and plants.

6. Make a list of all the animals mentioned in the table (page 25). For each one, describe what they may have been used for.

Answer

Animal
Use
SheepMeat and Wool
GoatMilk and meat
CattleMilk and its products
DogLook after fields
BuffaloMilk
OxPloughing the fields and pulling carts
PigMeat

Let's Do

7. List the cereals that you eat.

Answer

Wheat, Rice, maize, barley, bajra etc.

8. Do you grow the cereals you have listed in answer no. 7? If yes, draw a chart to show the stages in growing them. If not, draw a chart to show how these cereals reach you from the farmers who grow them.

Answer

No, I don't grow these cereals.
The cereals reach from the farmers through following process.
Farmers → Middle man → Wholesaler → Retailer → We (buyer)

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