Science subject is one the important subject for Class 10 students. thus, we have prepared NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science so students do not have to face problem in understanding the concepts in depth. We have prepared Class 10 Science NCERT Solutions chapterwise which will save student's precious time. We have updated CBSE NCERT solutions as per the latest NCERT textbook 2020-21. Science textbook of Class 10th deals with the disciplines such as Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Environmental Science as integrated. There is no sharp division made by the NCERT in the textbook. However, as per the examination point of view, we can divide this book into three parts Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Environment Science part is covered in the Biology syllabus. You can select your desired chapter from the list and start your learning.

You can find NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths which will sharpen your problem solving skills and help in developing concepts of the various topics.

The whole book is subdivided into four topics namely, Materials, The World of the Living, How Things Work, Natural Phenomena and Natural Resources or in the way of discipline we can state them in Chemistry, Biology, Physics and Environmental Science respectively. As previously stated, Environment Science part is covered in the Biology syllabus. So we have total three subjects in Science subject, Physics, Chemistry and Biology.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science will introduce you to the basic concepts of the chapters as the questions are given that check your all round understanding of the chapter. These NCERT Solutionswill help you in getting better marks in the examination. You can get ahead of your competitors through these solutions.

The first unit has total five chapters. The first chapter is about the chemical reactions and equations in which we will learn about how to write chemical equations and balance them. Also, we will learn about the various types of chemical reactions. In the second chapter, we will learn about the various types of acids, bases and salts and their reactions with metals and non-metals. The third chapter will take us to the world of metals and non-metals where we will learn about their properties and reactions among them. The fourth chapter is about the carbon and its compounds where we will learn about the properties of carbons and chemical substances containing carbon. In the fifth chapter, we will learn about the classification of elements and their evolution.

The Second unit consists of four chapters that are from sixth to ninth. The sixth chapter is about the various life processes which human need for their survival. In the seventh chapter, we will talk about the parts of the human body which are engaged in control and coordination activities. The eighth chapter deals with reproduction activities in unicellular and multicellular organisms. The ninth chapter, we will learn how the offsprings look alike.

The third unit is How things works which have four chapters. In the tenth chapter, we will learn about light and its phenomena reflection and refraction in a detailed manner. The eleventh chapter is about the human eye and some optical phenomena in nature. The twelfth chapter deals with the electricity in which we will learn electric circuit and resistance. In the thirteenth chapter, magnetic effects of electric current and its applications.

The fourth unit has three chapters in it. The fourteenth chapters talk about the various sources of energy such as conventional and non-conventional sources. The fifteenth chapter is about our environment in which we will learn about the eco-systems, food chains and how human activities contribute in degrading its quality. The last chapter is about the conservation of natural resources.

Chapter 1 - Chemical Reactions and Equations

The chapter first introduces us to the chemical reactions. In previous classes, students were introduced to physical and chemical changes. The chemical changes signify the chemical reactions. The indicators of chemical reactions are explained with some indicators like change in physical state, change in color, change in temperature and evolution of gas. These are explained with some experimental examples. After that writing of chemical equation has been explained. It is symbolic representation of chemical reactions. Also, it has been explained that how such equations can be more informative. For example, balancing a chemical equation will signify that the chemical reactions follow law of conservation of mass. Other information like physical states and conditions required for reactions are mentioned. After that various types of chemical reactions are explained are discussed. The types of chemical reactions are –combination reaction, decomposition reaction, displacement reaction, double decomposition reaction. On basis of energy, exothermic and endothermic reactions are mentioned. Redox reactions are explained which are combination of reduction reaction and oxidation reaction. All types of reactions are explained with suitable example with their respective chemical equation.

Chapter 2 - Acid, Base and Salts

Acid and bases are studied in earlier classes. Acids are defined as substances which are sour in taste and turn blue litmus red. Examples of acids are sour fruits like, Bases are defined as substances which are bitter in taste and turns red litmus blue. Examples of bases are neem, clove, vinegar etc. Here, acids and bases are defined chemically. Acids are substances are which after getting dissolved in water generates Hydrogen ion H⁺. Hydrogen Ion H⁺ gets dissolved in water to, form Hydronium Ions H3O⁺ ions. Examples of acid are Sulphuric Acid, H₂SO₄, HCl, HNO₃, CH₃COOH.  Bases are chemically those substances which generate OH- ions in aqueous solutionIf not they are weak acids. Examples are Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH, Potassium Hydroxide KOH etc. After that, various chemical and olfactory indicators are discussed; this indicates the presence of acids or base in the solution. The strength of acids or bases depends upon its capability to generate H⁺ or OH^- ions respectively. Acids are said to be strong if whole of it can be dissociated into H⁺ ions.  Bases are said to be strong if whole of them get dissociated in water to form OH- ions.  For example, Methyl orange is a chemical indicator. It turns red in acidic solution and yellow in basic solution. Olfactory indicators are indicators which changes odor after coming in contact with acid and base.  For example, smell of clove vanishes when kept in contact with acid. After that acids and bases reactions are discussed with metals, metal oxides and metal carbonates. Reactions between acids and bases are also discussed. They are known as neutralization reactions. Salt is one of the products formed by acid, base reaction. The various types of salts are discussed based on the strength of acid or base. The salts can be neutral, acidic or basic, depends on strength of acid/base used to form the salt. The pH scale Indicates if the solution is acidic, basic our neutral. It is an scale from 0-14. 0 indicates highly acidic solution, 14 indicates highly basic solution. 7 is neutral. So, 0-7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 7-14 basic solution. Universal indicator is a mixture of several indicators. It shows different colours at different concentrations of H⁺ ions in the solution. Chloro-alkali process is performed of salt solution. The various chemical substances are formed after reactions, directly or in-directly are used for various process. Some of such chemical salts are Bleaching powder, Washing soda, Baking soda, Plaster of Paris. Their formation and uses are explained in this chapter.

Chapter 3 - Metals and Non-Metals

The chapter starts with physical properties of metals and non-metals. The parameters discussed are some physical properties, like melting and boiling points, physical state at room temperature, ductility, malleability, tensile strength, etc. are also discussed. The metals and non –metals are differentiated on the basis of physical properties. But there are some expectations based on physical properties. For example iodine is non-metal but has lustrous appearance as metal. Mercury is metal but liquid at room temperature. There are more such exceptions. Therefore, classification of metals and non-metals, are based on chemical properties. Chemical reactions of metals with oxygen gas, water, acids and other metal salts are discussed here. The reactions and their condition depends upon the reactivity series. The metals on top of reactivity series are sodium and Potassium. They perform vigorous reactions. Nature of metallic oxides is discussed. Generally Metal oxides are basic in nature. But, some of them like aluminum oxide and zinc oxide can be both acidic and basic and hence known as amphoteric oxides. After that how such reactions takes place is discussed. Ionic bond formation is discussed. Such bond formation can be represented in two forms. Electrons are loosed by metals and gained by non-metals. One get positively charged and another get negatively charged. They get attracted and a strong bond is formed. The first one is electronic configuration. The bond formation is discussed through Bohr model. Another method is Lewis structure or electron-dot structure. The metals and non-metals are written with their symbol and dots. Number of dots represents number of outermost electron. The properties of ionic bond are discussed which are based on strong ionic bond formation. Extraction of metal is taught. Metals are extracted from minerals, from their ores. Ores are minerals from which extraction of metal is profitable. Impurities are removed and after that processing take place according to reactivity of metals. Higher reactive metals are extracted by electrolysis. Middle reactive metals are first converted into oxides and then reduced to metal. Metals lower in reactivity series such as gold, silver, platinum etc are found in native state and they need not be processed. After this refining of metal is done which is another level of purification. The extracted metals are needed to be protected from corrosion. Lot of money is spent on this. Many methods such as oiling, greasing, electroplating, galavanisation are discussed. Another method is alloying. It is the process of mixing metals with another metals or non-metals. It makes metal corrosion-free and enhances the strength. Steel is an alloy of metal Iron and Non-metal Carbon, used for construction. Other such alloys are stainless steel, brass, bronze, duralumin etc.

Chapter 4 - Carbon and its compounds 

Carbon is versatile element found in many organic and inorganic compounds. The reason of this is its tetravalency and catenation which has been discussed. Carbon form bond by sharing its electrons with other elements. Such bond formations of elements formed by sharing of electron is called covalent- bond formation. Covalent Bond formation is explained for other covalent bond formed compounds such as in oxygen gas, nitrogen gas, and covalent formed compounds. Compound formation is explained in both electron-dot/Lewis-dot structure and electronic configuration. Structure of different carbon compounds is explained. For example, Organic compounds is formed in straight chains, or branched chains or cyclic chains. Organic compounds are also categorised on the basis of saturated and Unsaturated compound.  Saturated compounds are compounds with only single bond. Unsaturated carbon compounds are compounds with double or triple bond. Organic compounds are basically chain of carbon-Hydrogen. Functional groups can be atom or group of atoms attached to the chain of hydrogen-Carbon. Some functional groups are alcohol –OH, carboxylic acid –COOH, Chlorine, -Cl, -Ketone and aldehyde -CHO, Cynide –CN. A system of naming that large number of atoms (nomenclature) is also taught. Some important carbon compounds like ethyl Alcohol used for making alcoholic drinks  and Ethanoic acid used for making vinegar are discussed with their physical and chemical properties. Soaps and detergents are studied with their chemical structure and properties. Their difference is also discussed. The detergents are used for cleaning purpose in hard water.

Chapter 5 - Periodic Classification of Elements

There are 118 known elements found till date. It is better to study each elements in proper way. For this we need to classify them in an order. If categorized in order, we can easily predict some trends in physical and chemical properties of elements. Therefore scientists worked to arrange all elements such that alike elements can be placed in certain rows and column. In the year 1817, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner showed that when the three elements in a triad were written in the order of increasing atomic masses; the atomic mass of the middle element was roughly the average of the atomic masses of the other two elements. For example, A,B and C form a triad, atomic mass of B is average of atomic masses of A and B. But, this methodology did not worked for every element. Only three triads can be detected. In 1866, John Newlands, tried to arrange elements. Newlands Octave was another method to classify elements. In this every eighth element will show property of first element if placed in order of atomic mass. It was similar to musical notes where first node is similar to eighth. It also failed as it was not able to work for more than 56 elements. Another method was adopted by Dmitri Mendeleev. Mendeleev arranged the elements based on their atomic masses. He observed that when the elements were arranged in increasing order of their atomic masses, there was a periodic recurrence in their physical and chemical properties. Thus, Mendeléev formulated a Periodic Law, which states that ‘the properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic masses’. Mendeléev’s Periodic Table contains vertical columns called ‘groups’ and horizontal rows called ‘periods’. It was much accurate than previous models. It also had some demerits. Finally, modern periodic came into existence. Atomic number was considered to be criteria for classification. Elements with same group have same number of outermost electron. Elements in same period have same number of outermost shell. A particular increase to decrease in certain pattern can be predicted. Many such trends are studied in this chapter.

Chapter 6 - Life Processes

Life processes are various activities performed by living beings for sustaining the life. Such processes are digestive system, respiration system, circulation system etc. All these things are important to leave. The thing is to consume food through digestive system, perform oxidation of food which involves the process of respiration, and transportation of food and water which is done through circulation. This chapter starts with process of nutrition. The process in which an organism takes in food, utilizes it to get energy, for growth, repair and maintenance, etc. is nutrition. Other modes of nutrition are autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition which are discussed in chapter. Autotrophic nutrition is done by plants by photosynthesis. Heterotrophic nutrition is done by animals. Different types of Heterotrophic nutrition are discussed. Parasitic Nutrition, saprophytic Nutrition and Holozonic Nutrition are different types of heterotrophic nutrition. Cellular nutrition is done by unicellular organisms which has been discussed in this chapter. Next topic is nutrition by human beings.  It starts with mouths which include salivary glands, tongue and teeth. The food goes to stomach through oesophagus. The food goes to stomach. Liver secretes greenish yellow liquid called bile juice. Pancreas lies behind the lower portion of stomach. It secretes pancreatic juice which contains many digestive enzymes. All such processes are discussed in this digestive system. Next is respiration. The process of respiration involves: (a) Gaseous exchange i.e. Breathing: Intake of oxygen from the atmosphere and release of CO₂. And (b) Cellular respiration: Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy inside the cell. Both are discussed. The human respiration system is discussed with some special attention.  Pharynx ,bronchio lungs, diaphragm are different elements of human respiratory system. Mechanisam of process involves inhale and exhale. Both are explained. Circulation involves the process of transportation of food and other materials from one place to another. The blood is pumped through heart and transported through veins. So, all of them are discussed. Different components of blood are discussed-Red blood cells and White blood cells. Four chambers of heart are discussed.  In plants, We have discussed earlier how plants take in simple compounds such as CO₂ and photosynthesise energy stored in their chlorophyll-containing organs, namely leaves. The other kinds of raw materials needed for building plant bodies will also have to be taken up separately. For plants, the soil is the nearest and richest source of raw materials like nitrogen, phosphorus and other minerals. The absorption of these substances therefore occurs through the part in contact with the soil, namely roots.   It has been discussed in details. The biological process involved in the removal of these harmful metabolic wastes from the body is called excretion. Different organisms use varied strategies to do this. It is discussed in details for human beings.  The excretory system of human beings  includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, an urinary bladder and urethra.

Chapter 7 - Control and Coordination System

Earlier, we had started with a notion we all have, that if we see something moving, it is alive. Some of these movements are in fact the result of growth, as in plants. A seed germinates and grows, and we can see that the seedling moves over the course of a few days, Control and coordination are the functions of the nervous system and hormones in our bodies. The responses of the nervous system can be classified as reflex action, voluntary action or involuntary action. The nervous system uses electrical impulses to transmit messages.  The nervous system gets information from our sense organs and acts through our muscles. Chemical coordination is seen in both plants and animals. Hormones produced in one part of an organism move to another part to achieve the desired effect.  A feedback mechanism regulates the action of the hormones.

Chapter 8 - How do organisms reproduce?

Reproduction, unlike other life processes, is not essential to maintain the life of an individual organism. It involves creation of a DNA copy and additional cellular apparatus by the cell involved in the process. Various organisms use different modes of reproduction depending on their body design such as fission, fragmentation, regeneration, budding, spore formation and vegetative propagation. Sexual reproduction involves two individuals for the creation of a new individual. Modes of sexual reproduction allow for greater variation to be generated. Reproduction in flowering plants involves transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma which is referred to as pollination followed by fertilisation. The male reproductive system in human beings consists of testes which produce sperms, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra and penis. The female reproductive system in human beings consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina. Sexual reproduction in human beings involves the introduction of sperm in the vagina of the female. Fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tube.

Chapter 9 - Heredity and Evolution

We have seen that reproductive processes give rise to new individuals that are similar, but subtly different. We have discussed how some amount of variation is produced even during asexual reproduction. Heredity and evolution deals with the fact – the long-term consequences of the accumulation of variations. The Rules for the Inheritance of Traits (Mendel’s Contributions) determine the process by which traits and characteristics are reliably inherited. The fact of sex determination in newborn individual is completely solved. Evolution can be worked out by the study of not just living species, but also fossils. Complex organs may have evolved because of the survival advantage of even the intermediate stages. Changes in the non-reproductive tissues caused by environmental factors are not inheritable indicates about different traits like Acquired and Inherited. Speciation may take place when variation is combined with geographical isolation. Evolutionary relationships are traced in the classification of organisms. Study of the evolution of human beings indicates that all of us belong to a single species that evolved in Africa and spread across the world in stages.

Chapter 10 - Light: Reflection and Refraction

Light is source of energy which generates sensation of vision in human beings. In this chapter first reflection of light is discussed. Reflection is governed by its laws. The chapter is concerned with laws of reflection. Here we are basically concerned with the spherical mirrors. After that image formation by spherical mirrors are discussed. The different types of spherical mirror, convex and concave are taught. The various terms related with spherical mirrors like centre of curvature, radius of curvature etc, focus, pole etc are discussed with ray diagrams. Uses of spherical mirror has been discussed in chapter. Mirror formula is the way to relate object distance, image distance and focal length of mirror. Magnification is the ratio of size of image by size of object. This is related to ratio of image distance and object distance. Distances are majored from pole of mirror. Sign convention is kept in mind to find relative distances of image and object.

Refraction is the phenomena of bending of light when light travels from one medium to another. Laws of Refraction/Snells law govern refraction. The phenomena of refraction can be understood easily by the concepts of refractive index and optical density. This is better explained by an example of rectangular glass slab. This example is dealt. After that concept of Lens is explained. It is transparent medium bounded by refractive index. Types of Lens –converging and diverging is discussed. Example of converging lens (double convex lens) and diverging (double concave lens).  Image formation and terminology is discussed for both convex and concave lens. Lens formula relates focal length of lens with image distance and object distance. Magnification is related with image and object distance. Sign convention is kept in mind. Power of lens is also discussed. Numerical based on lens formula and mirror formula are to be solved.

Chapter 11 - Human Eye and colorful world

Human eye, its components, are discussed. The process of by which human eye can see objects is discussed.  The ability of the eye to focus on both near and distant objects, by adjusting its focal length, is called the accommodation of the eye.  The smallest distance, at which the eye can see objects clearly without strain, is called the near point of the eye or the least distance of distinct vision. For a young adult with normal vision, it is about 25 cm. Defects of vision is discussed with their corrective measures using suitable ray diagrams. The common refractive defects of vision include myopia, hypermetropia and presbyopia. Myopia (short-sightedness – the image of distant objects is focussed before the retina) is corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power. Hypermetropia (far-sightedness – the image of nearby objects is focussed beyond the retina) is corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power. The eye loses its power of accommodation at old age.  The splitting of white light into its component colours is called dispersion. Scattering of light causes the blue colour of sky and the reddening of the Sun at sunrise and sunset.

Chapter 12 - Electricity

Electricity is required for many thing around us. What is electricity? It is phenomena related to flow of charge. The concept of electric current and electric potential difference (voltage is taught). Flow of electrons moving through a conductor constitutes an electric current. Conventionally, the direction of current is taken opposite to the direction of flow of electrons. The SI unit of electric current is ampere.  To set the electrons in motion in an electric circuit, we use a cell or a battery. A cell generates a potential difference across its terminals. It is measured in volts (V). Resistance is a property that resists the flow of electrons in a conductor. It controls the magnitude of the current. The SI unit of resistance is ohm (Ω).  Ohms Law, which establish relationship between potential difference and current is discussed. Ohm’s law: The potential difference across the ends of a resistor is directly proportional to the current through it, provided its temperature remains the same. Concept of resistance and resistivity is studied. Resistance is property of any conductor to resist flow of current.  The resistance of a conductor depends directly on its length, inversely on its area of cross-section, and also on the material of the conductor. Resistance of conductor having unit length and cross section is defined specific resistance. Series and parallel combination of resistors are discussed. In series current is same and in parallel potential difference is same across resistors.  The electrical energy dissipated in a resistor is given by W = V × I × t.  The unit of power is watt (W). One watt of power is consumed when 1 A of current flows at a potential difference of 1 V. The commercial unit of electrical energy is kilowatt hour (kWh). 1 kWh = 3,600,000 J = 3.6 × 10⁶ J.

Chapter 13 - Magnetic effects of Current

In this chapter relationship between magnetism and electricity is discussed. At first some basics of magnetism is discussed with magnetic field lines. A compass needle is a small magnet. Its one end, which points towards north, is called a north pole, and the other end, which points towards south, is called a south pole. Magnetic Field lines are used to represent a magnetic field. A field line is the path along which a hypothetical free north pole would tend to move. The direction of the magnetic field at a point is given by the direction that a north pole placed at that point would take. The denser magnetic field lines indicate more magnetic field strength. After that, magnetic field due to current carrying conductor is discussed.  A metallic wire carrying an electric current has associated with it a magnetic field whose direction is given by right hand thumb rule. An electromagnet consists of a core of soft iron wrapped around with a coil of insulated copper wire.  A current-carrying conductor when placed in a magnetic field experiences a force. Phenomena related to this are explained.  If the direction of the field and that of the current are mutually perpendicular to each other, then the force acting on the conductor will be perpendicular to both and will be given by Fleming’s left-hand rule. This is the basis of an electric motor. An electric motor is a device that converts electric energy into mechanical energy. Working and construction of electric motor is discussed. Electricity generation through magnet is discussed.  The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is the production of induced current in a coil placed in a region where the magnetic field changes with time. The magnetic field may change due to a relative motion between the coil and a magnet placed near to the coil. If the coil is placed near to a current-carrying conductor, the magnetic field may change either due to a change in the current through the conductor or due to the relative motion between the coil and conductor. The direction of the induced current is given by the Fleming’s right-hand rule. A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It works on the basis of electromagnetic induction. Two types of generators are discussed. DC generator generates direct current as a cell. AC generators generates Alternating Current whose direction keep on changing after a time period.
 Domestic circuiting is discussed. In our houses we receive AC electric power of 220 V with a frequency of 50 Hz.  The different aspects is discussed. The concept of live wire, neutral wire and earth wire is discussed. 220V is maintained between live wire which is insulated red and neutral wire which is insulated black. Earth wire, insulated green which provide, passage for leakage of current.

Chapter 14 - Sources of Energy

Our energy requirements increase with our standard of living. In order to fulfil our energy requirements, we try to improve the efficiency of energy usage and also try and exploit new sources of energy. The chapter is all about different sources of energy. Three types of sources of energy are discussed. The first one is conventional sources of energy. These are sources of energy we keep on using from long years. It include fossil fuels, thermal power plant and hydroelectric power plant. These are discussed with advantages and disadvantages.  After that, energy sources conventionally used, but improvised due to technology has been discussed. For example, cow dung used initially had low calorific value, and combustion of it causes lot of pollution.  But, with help of technology, it can converted into Bio-gas, which is an efficient and pollution free fuel. Similarly, with the help of technology, wind energy can be harnessed by placing many wind mills in a large field creating a wind farm.  Charcoal obtained from wood is better fuel than wood. All these things are discussed. The third category is Non-conventional sources of energy.  In this category, we have energy sources like solar energy, in which energy is generated through solar cell and solar panel,  or  by solar cooker.  Energy from ocean can be generated through waves, tides or through temperature difference between upper and lower level of ocean. Energy can also be obtained from earth crust, known as geo-thermal energy.  Nuclear energy can generated by controlled Nuclear fission reactions. Nuclear fusion reactions generate more energy than fission but are difficult to control. All such sources of energy are discussed with their advantages and disadvantages.

Chapter 15 - Our Environment

The various components of an ecosystem are interdependent.  The producers make the energy from sunlight available to the rest of the ecosystem. There is a loss of energy as we go from one trophic level to the next, this limits the number of trophic levels in a food-chain. This concept of food chain and food web is discussed with concept of Biological magnification. It is the process of accumulation of pesticides or other harmful chemicals. Impact of human activities are discussed in this chapter.  The use of chemicals like CFCs has endangered the ozone layer. Since the ozone layer protects against the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, this could damage the environment.  The different types of waste materials are discussed. The waste we generate may be biodegradable or non-biodegradable. The disposal of the waste we generate is causing serious environmental problems. So, a proper waste management system is required.

Chapter 16 - Sustainable Management of Resources

In Class IX, We have been taught about some natural resources like soil, air and water and how various components are cycled over and over again in nature. In this chapter, we shall look at some of our resources and how we are using them. The chapter introduces us with concern regarding improper use of natural resources. With example of Ganga Action Plan, it has been taught how qualitative and quantitative analysis helps in understanding need of management of natural resources. Maybe we should also think about how we ought to be using our resources so as to sustain the resources and conserve our environment. The method of 3R is discussed. We shall be looking at our natural resources like forests, wild-life, water, coal and petroleum and see what are the issues at stake in deciding how these resources are to be managed for sustainable development. Various methods has been discussed such the resources should be used such that natural resources should reach to every section. Also, environmental impact should be considered. Also, limited stock of such resources should be considered.

कबीर ने इस पंक्ति में कहा है कि हिन्दू और मुसलमान धार्मिक आडंबरों में उलझे हुए हैं| इन्हें सच्ची भक्ति का अर्थ नहीं मालूम है। धार्मिक आंडबरों को धर्म मानकर चलते हैं। कबीर के अनुसार ये दोनों भटके हुए हैं।

2. इस देश में अनेक धर्म, जाति, मजहब और संप्रदाय के लोग रहते थे किंतु कबीर हिंदू और मुसलमान की ही बात क्यों करते हैं?

प्राचीनकाल से लेकर अभी तक मनुष्य इसी दुविधा में फँसा हुआ है कि वह किस राह को चुने। आज के समाज में भी यह प्रश्न सभी के सामने है। भारत जैसे देश में तो हिन्दू, मुस्लिम, सिख, ईसाई, बौद्ध, जैन इत्यादि धर्म प्रचलित हैं। सब स्वयं को अच्छा और श्रेष्ठ बताते हैं। सबकी अपनी मान्यताएँ हैं। मनुष्य इनके मध्य उलझकर रह गया है। उसे समझ ही नहीं आता है कि वह किसे अपनाए, जिससे उसे जीवन की सही राह मिले।

5. 'बालम आवो हमारे गेह रे' में कवि किसका आह्वान कर रहा है और क्यों?

प्रस्तुत पंक्ति में कबीर भगवान का आह्वान कर रहे हैं। वे अपने भगवान के दर्शन के प्यासे हैं। अपने भगवान के दर्शन पाने के लिए उन्हें अपने पास बुला रहे हैं।

6. 'अन्न न भावै नींद न आवै' का क्या कारण है? ऐसी स्थिति क्यों हो गई है?

कबीर निर्गुण संत परंपरा के कवि हैं। वे ईश्वर के मूर्ति रूप को नहीं मानते हैं परन्तु सांसारिक संबंधों को अवश्य मानते हैं। उनका प्रेम में अटूट विश्वास है। प्रेम कभी साकार या निराकार नहीं होता। बल्कि यह एक भावना है| संतों ने परमात्मा को पति और जीवात्मा को पत्नी के प्रतीक के रूप में दर्शाया है। परमात्मा रूपी पति को न मिलने से पत्नी रूपी जीवात्मा की प्रेम-भावना तड़प उठती है। इसलिए यह पद प्रतीत तो साकार प्रेम की तरह हो रहा है लेकिन सत्य यह है कि वह निर्गुण रूप ही है।

9. उदाहरण देते हुए दोनों पदों का भाव-सौंदर्य और शिल्प-सौंदर्य लिखिए।

प्रथम पद में कबीर ने व्यंग्य शैली को अपनाया है। विभिन्न उदाहरणों द्वारा उन्होंने हिन्दुओं तथा मुस्लमानों के धार्मिक आंडबरों पर करारा व्यंग्य किया है। दोनों के बीच की लड़ाई को भी दर्शाया है|  भाषा बहुत ही सरल तथा सुबोध है। अनुप्रास अलंकार का प्रयोग है तद्भव शब्दावली का प्रयोग किया गया है और प्रतीकात्मकता विद्यमान है|

दूसरे पद में कबीर ने परमात्मा के प्रति अपने प्रेम को दर्शाया है| उन्होंने जीवात्मा को पत्नी और परमात्मा को पति के प्रतीक के रूप में बताकर उनसे मिलने की तड़प को दिखाया है| यहाँ पर प्रियतम और प्रिया के साकार प्रेम को माध्यम बनाया गया है। विरह उसकी साधना में बाधक के स्थान पर मार्ग बनाने का कार्य करती है। इस पद की भाषा भी सरल और सधुक्कड़ी है। परमात्मा को प्रियतम और स्वयं को प्रिया दिखाने के कारण प्रतीकात्मकता का सुंदर प्रयोग हुआ है। भक्ति रस की प्रधानता है|

कृष्ण और सुदामा के खेल-खेल में रूठने और फिर खुद मान जाने के स्वाभाविक प्रसंग का वर्णन किया गया है। श्रीकृष्ण खेल में हार गए थे और श्रीदामा जीत गए थे, पर श्रीकृष्ण अपनी हार मानने को तैयार नहीं थे। खेल रुक गया। श्रीकृष्ण अभी और खेलना चाहते थे, इसलिए उन्होंने नंद बाबा की दुहाई देते हुए अपनी हार मान ली।

2. खेल में रूठनेवाले साथी के साथ सब क्यों नहीं खेलना चाहते?

खेल में कृष्ण के रूठने पर उनके साथियों ने डाँटते हुए ये तर्क दिए-
• तुम्हारी हार हुई है और तुम नाराज़ हो रहे हो। यह गलत है।
• तुम्हारी और हमारी जाति सबकी समान है। खेल में सभी समान होते हैं।
• तुम हमारे पालक नहीं हो। इसलिए तुम्हें हमें यह अकड़ नहीं दिखानी चाहिए।
• तुम यदि खेलते समय बेईमानी करोगे, तो कोई तुम्हारे साथ नहीं खेलेगा।

इस पद से बाल-मनोविज्ञान पर प्रकाश पड़ता है कि बच्चे हमेशा जीतना चाहते हैं| उनके अनुसार हमेशा जीत जरूरी होती है| वे हर बात का सूक्ष्म अध्ययन करते हैं। वह ऊँच-नीच, बड़ा-छोटा, अच्छा-बुरा सब समझते है। हालांकि उनके बीच के मनमुटाव क्षणिक होते हैं| थोड़ी देर में वह फिर एक हो जाते हैं।

6. 'गिरिधर नार नवावति' से सखी का क्या आशय है?

ऐसा कहकर गोपियाँ कृष्ण पर व्यंग्य कसती हैं। वे कहती हैं कि कृष्ण प्रेम के वशीभूत होकर एक साधारण बाँसुरी को बजाते समय अपनी गर्दन झुका देते हैं। चूँकि गोपियाँ चूंकि बाँसुरी से सौत के समान ईर्ष्या रखती हैं। इसलिए वे बाँसुरी को औरत के रूप में देखते हुए उन पर व्यंग्य कसती हैं। वे नहीं चाहती कि कृष्ण बाँसुरी को इस प्रकार अपने होटों से लगाए।

7. कृष्ण के अधरों की तुलना सेज से क्यों की गई है?

कृष्ण के अधरों की तुलना निम्नलिखित कारणों से की गई हैं।-
• कृष्ण के अधर सेज के समान कोमल हैं।
• जिस प्रकार सेज सोने के काम आती है, वैसे ही कृष्ण बाँसुरी को बजाने के लिए अपने अधर रूपी सेज में रखते हैं। ऐसा लगता है मानो बाँसुरी सो रही है।

8. पठित पदों के आधार पर सूरदास के काव्य की विशेषताएँ बताइए।

सूरदास श्रीकृष्ण भक्त हैं जिन्होनें अपनी पदों में श्रीकृष्ण के प्रति अपनी अगाध भक्तिभावना को प्रकट किया है। उन्होंने पहले पद में बाल-लीलाओं का सुंदर चित्रण किया है।  बालकों के बीच अक्सर होते मनमुटाव और फिर कुछ देर में सुलह का बड़ा ही मनोहारी चित्रण किया है| इससे पता लगता है की सूरदास बाल मनोविज्ञान को अच्छी तरह से समझते हैं| दूसरे पद में उन्होंने स्त्रियों की मनोदशा को बहुत अच्छी तरह से दिखाया है| किस तरह उनका कोमल हृदय अपने प्रिय से मिलने को तरसता है इसलिए वे बाँसुरी को भला-बुरा कहती हैं क्योंकि वह श्रीकृष्ण और उनके बीच की एक बाधा बन रही थी| वात्सल्य और श्रृंगार रसों का पूर्ण रूप से प्रयोग किया है| पदों में उत्प्रेक्षा, उपमा तथा अनुप्रास अलंकार का सुंदर चित्रण है। ब्रजभाषा का प्रयोग हुआ है। पदों में गेयता का गुण विद्यमान है।

9. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की संदर्भ सहित व्याख्या कीजिए-

प्रसंग- प्रस्तुत पंक्ति सूरदास द्वारा लिखित ग्रंथ सूरसागर से ली गई हैं। इस पंक्ति में कृष्ण द्वारा बारी न दिए जाने पर ग्वाले कृष्ण को नाना प्रकार से समझाते हुए अपनी बारी देने के लिए विवश करते हैं।

व्याख्या- ‘कृष्ण’ गोपियों से हारने पर नाराज़ होकर बैठ जाते हैं। उनके मित्र उन्हें उदाहरण देकर समझाते हैं। वे कहते हैं कि तुम जाति-पाति में हमसे बड़े नहीं हो, तुम हमारा पालन-पोषण भी नहीं करते हो। अर्थात तुम हमारे समान ही हो। इसके अतिरिक्त यदि तुम्हारे पास हमसे अधिक गाएँ हैं और तुम इस अधिकार से हम पर अपनी चला रहे हो, तो यह उचित नहीं कहा जाएगा। अर्थात खेल में सभी समान होते हैं। जाति, धन आदि के कारण किसी को खेल में विशेष अधिकार नहीं मिलता है। खेलभावना को इन सब बातों से अलग रखकर खेलना चाहिए।

प्रसंग- प्रस्तुत पंक्ति सूरदास द्वारा लिखित ग्रंथ सूरसागर से ली गई हैं। इस पंक्ति में गोपियों की जलन का पता चलता है। वह कृष्ण द्वारा बजाई जाने वाली बाँसुरी से सौत की सी ईर्ष्या रखती हैं।

व्याख्या- एक गोपी अन्य गोपी से कहती है कि हे सखी! सुन यह बाँसुरी तो श्रीकृष्ण से अत्यंत अपमानजनक व्यवहार करती है, फिर भी वह उन्हें अच्छी लगती है। यह नंदलाल को अनेक भाँति से नचाती है। उन्हें एक ही पाँव पर खड़ा करके रखती है और अपना बहुत अधिक अधिकार जताती है। कृष्ण का शरीर कोमल है ही, वह उनसे अपनी आज्ञा का पालन करवाती है और इसी कारण से उनकी कमर टेढ़ी हो जाती है| यह बाँसुरी ऐसे कृष्ण को अपना कृतज्ञ बना देती है, जो स्वयं चतुर हैं। इसने गोर्वधन पर्वत उठाने वाले कृष्ण तक को अपने सम्मुख झुक जाने पर विवश कर दिया है। असल में बाँसुरी बजाते समय के साड़ी मुद्राओं को देखकर गोपियों को लगता है कि कृष्ण हमारी कुछ नहीं सुनते हैं। जब बाँसुरी बजाने की बारी आती है, तो कृष्ण इसके कारण हमें भूल जाते हैं।

► basic magnesium carbonate

2. Which of the following is a thermal decomposition reaction?
(a) 2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂
(b) 2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl₂
(c) H2(g) + Cl₂(g) → 2HCl(g)
(d) ZnCO₃ → ZnO + CO₂
► ZnCO₃ → ZnO + CO₂

6. Chemically rust is

(a) Hydrated ferrous oxide

7. Which of the following involves combination of two elements?
(a) N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) + 2NH₃(g)
(b) Cao(s) + CO₂(g) → CaCO₃(g)
(c) 2SO₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2SO₃f(g)
(d) NH₃(g) + HCl(g) - NH₄CI(S)

► (a) N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) + 2NH₃(g)

12. When green coloured ferrous sulphate crystals are heated, the colour of the crystal changes because:
(a) it is decomposed to ferric oxide
(b) it loses water of crystallisation
(c) it forms SO₂
(d) it forms SO₃
► (b) it loses water of crystallisation

13. In an electrolytic cell where electrolysis is carried, anode has:
(a) Positive change
(b) Negative charge
(c) Connected to negative terminal of the battery
(d) None of these is correct
► (a) Positive change

14. Pb + CuCl₂→ PbCl₂ + Cu
This reaction is an example of:
(a) combination
(b) displacement
(c) decomposition
(d) double displacement
► (b) displacement 

16. Which of the following gases can be used for storage
(a) Carbon dioxide or Oxygen
(b) Nitrogen or Oxygen
(c) Carbon dioxide or Helium
(d) Helium or Nitrogen

► (d) Helium or Nitrogen

17. Give the ratio in which hydrogen and oxygen are present in water by volume.
(a) 1:2
(b) 1:1
(c) 2:1
(d) 1:8

► (a) 1:2

18. The process of reduction involves
(a) addition of oxygen
(b) addition of hydrogen
(c) removal of oxygen

(d) removal of hydrogen

► (b) addition of hydrogen

19. Oxidation is a process which involves
(a) addition of oxygen
(b) addition of hydrogen
(c) removal of oxygen
(d) removal of hydrogen

► (a) addition of oxygen

19. A substance ‘X’ is used in white-washing and is obtained by heating limestone in the absence of air. Identify ‘X’.
(a) CaOCl₂
(b) Ca (OH)₂
(c) CaO
(d) CaCO₃

► (b) Ca (OH)₂

► (b) Sublimation of dry ice

21. Select the oxidising agent for the following reaction:
H₂S + I₂> 2HI + S
(a) I₂
(b) H₂S
(C) HI
(d) S
► (a) I₂

► (c) Decomposition

23. A substance added to food containing fats and oils is called:
(a) Oxidant
(b) Rancid
(c) Coolant
(d) Antioxidant

► (d) Antioxidant

24. Electrolysis of water is a decomposition reaction. The mole ratio of hydrogen and oxygen gases liberated during electrolysis of water is:
(a) 1 : 1
(b) 2:1
(c) 4:1
(d) 1:2

► (b) 2:1

28. The condition produced by aerial oxidation of fats and oils in foods marked by unpleasant smell and taste is called:
(a) Antioxidation
(b) Reduction
(c) Rancidity
(d) Corrosion

► (c) Rancidity

29. Assertion: Magnesium ribbon keeps on burning in atmosphere of nitrogen.
Reason: Magnesium reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium nitrides and this reaction is combination reaction.

► (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

30. The reaction between lead nitrate and potassium iodide present in aqueous solutions is an example of

(a) Decomposition Reaction

(b) Displacement Reaction

(c) Double Displacement Reaction

(d) Neutralisation Reaction
► (c) Double Displacement Reaction

31. Assertion: MnO₂ + 4HCl → MnCl₂ + Cl₂ + 2H₂O is redox reaction.Reason: MnO₂ oxides HCl to Cl₂ and gets reduced to MnCl.

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Class 9 Maths NCERT Solutions Chapter 8 is about Quadrilaterals. If A, B, C, D are four points in a plane such that no three of them are collinear and the line segments AB, BC, CD and DA do not intersect except at their end points, the figure formed by these four segments is called a quadrilateral. We will solve the questions based on the properties of quadrilaterals through the help of the properties of triangles.

Circle is the locus of all such points which are equidistant from a fixed point, this point is known as centre while distance of any point from centre defined as radius of circle. We will learn about chords, arcs, locus and other terms related to circles.

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Statistics is about the collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data. In this chapter, we will see the ways to find the measure of central tendency mean and mode and median of ungrouped or raw data.

The numerical measure of uncertainty of an action (or activity) is called probability. This chapter deals with the problems where we have to find probability of certain events.

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(c) People enjoyed economic freedom.

2. Arrange the following in chronological order:
(a) Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
(b) Fall of the Berlin Wall
(c) Disintegration of Soviet Union
(d) Russian Revolution

Answer

(d) Russian Revolution (1917)
(a) Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979)
(b) Fall of the Berlin Wall (Nov 1989)
(c) Disintegration of Soviet Union

3. Which among the following is NOT an outcome of the disintegration of the USSR?
(a) End of the ideological war between the US and USSR
(b) Birth of CIS
(c) Change in the balance of power in the world order
(d) Crises in the Middle East

Answer

(d) Crises in the Middle East

4. Match the following:

Answer

► socialist

► Warsaw Pact

► Communist

► Gorbachev

► Berlin wall

6. Mention any three features that distinguish the Soviet economy from that of a capitalist country like the US.
Answer

The three features that distinguish the Soviet economy from that of a capitalist country like the US were:
• Soviet economy experienced a complex communication network, vast energy resources and an efficient transport sector to connect its remotest areas.
• Soviet Union industries produced every domestic product from pin to cars, whose quality might not match with that of the west technology.
• Soviet Union ensured a minimum standard of living for all its citizens. Consequently Government subsidised basic necessities including health, education, children and other welfare schemes.

7. What were the factors that forced Gorbachev to initiate the reforms in the USSR?
Answer

Mikhail Gorbachev was the General Secretary of Communist Party of Soviet Union in 1985. He was forced to initiate the reforms in the USSR due to following reasons:
• To keep the USSR abreast of information and technological revolutions at par the West.
• To normalise the relations with that of the West.
• To democratise the Soviet System.
• To loosen the administrative system which exempted ordinary people from the privileges.

8. What were the major consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union for countries like India?
Answer

The major consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union for countries like India were:
• Disintegration of Soviet Union gave an end to Cold War confrontations and to ideological disputes between two superpowers.
• Military alliances had been abolished and demand arose for world peace and security.
• Multipolar system was surpassed to exist where no single power could dominate and a group of countries could play a crucial role in world politics like NAM Countries.
• The US became the sole superpower and capitalist economy became dominant at international level. World Bank and IMF became powerful advisors due to their economic support to these countries during transitional period.
• The motion of liberal democracy emerged as a way to organise political life.
• Due to disintegration of Soviet Union many new countries emerged with the independent aspirations and choices.
• The Baltic and East European states wanted to join European Union and became the part of NATO. The Central Asian countries took the advantage of their geographical location and continued close ties with Russia, West, China and others.

9. What was Shock Therapy? Was this the best way to make a transition from communism to capitalism?
Answer

Shock Therapy was a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. This transformation system was influenced by the world bank and the IMF in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe. Though it varies in intensity and speed amongst the former second world countries but its direction and features were quite similar.

This was not the best way to make a transition from communism to capitalism due to following limitations:
• Russia, the large state controlled industrial complex lost about 90 per cent of its industries through sales to private individuals and companies.
• It created “the largest garage sale in history” which led virtual disappearance of entire industries for the restructuring was carried out by market forces in place of government owned policies. Hence, industries were undervalued and sold at throwaway prices.
• It systematically destroyed old system of social welfare.
• The value of ‘ruble’, the Russian currency, declined dramatically due to high rate of inflation and real GDP of Russia also declined between 1989 to 1999.
• The withdrawal of government subsidies pushed large sections of society into poverty and it emerged mafia to start controlling many economic activities.
• Privatisation led to new disparities which divided Russia between rich and poor people creating economic inequality.
• Hence, Shock Therapy brought ruin to economies and disaster upon the people of entire region.

10. Write an essay for or against the following proposition. “With the disintegration of the second world, India should change its foreign policy and focus more on friendship with the US rather than with traditional friends like Russia”.
Answer

India should not change its foreign policy and focus more on friendship with US, but India is required to maintain healthy relations with Russia because India has experienced a long band of mutual trust, interests and popular perceptions with Russia. They both share a vision of multipolar world order i.e. co-existence of several world powers internationally, collective security, greater regionalism, democratisation with the decision-making through bodies like the UN. More than 80 bilateral agreements have been experienced between India and Russia as a part of the Indo- Russia Strategic Agreement of 2001.

India has been benefitted from its relationship on the issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism, access to Central Asia and balancing its relation with China. Russia is also important for India’s nuclear energy plane and assisting India’s space industry by giving cryogenic rocket to India whenever needed. Co-operation with Russia and its republics like Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan in the form of partnership and investment in oil fields has also benefitted India.

Russia is also benefitted from India on ground of the second largest arms market for Russia. Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia. Russia and India have collaborated on various scientific projects also.

(d) States, which violate international law, are severely punished by the UN.

Answer

(c) States are using force against one another.

3. Which among the following statements is wrong with regard to Operation Iraqi Freedom?
(a) More than forty countries joined in the US led coalition of the willing to invade Iraq.
(b) The reason given for invading Iraq was to prevent it from developing weapons of mass

destruction.
(c) The action was taken with the prior approval of the UN.
(d) The US-led coalition did not face major resistance from Iraqi forces.

Answer

(c) The action was taken with the prior approval of the UN.

4. Give an example each of the three types of hegemony that are dealt within the chapter. Do not cite examples that are in the chapter.

Answer

• Hegemony as Hard Power: Tabasum was an artist living in Nigeria and was planning to join Art and Craft Academy to give proficiency to her artistic aptitude. But she lost her leg in 2003 missile attack by the US. After she overcame it, she made efforts to achieve and fulfill her dreams if the foreign armies leave her country.

• Hegemony as Structural Power: Tabish is very good in his studies in the countryside of Middle East Asia and is planning to study subjects from Arts stream to accommodate himself in different aspects as per requirements. But parents want him to be a master in computers to become Software Engineer due to flair for job opportunities in the same.

• Hegemony as Soft Power: Mayank is a young and energetic man of Melbourne, immigrants from Russia. His father gets upset when he puts on black shirt with white jeans while he goes to church. He justifies that black colour signifies protest for freedom and white signifies freedom in a peaceful manner

5. Mention three ways in which US dominance since the Cold War is different from its position as a superpower during the Cold War.

Answer

• During Cold War, the US found it difficult to win over the Soviet Union as hard power due to retaliating capacity of the Soviet Union and to protest world from large scale destruction. But in the areas of structural and soft power, the US dominated.

• During Cold War years, the Soviet Union provided an alternate model of socialist economy to maximise welfare of states. Still the world economy throughout the Cold War years adapted capitalist economy under the US.

• In the area of soft power, the US became triumphant. As the example of blue jeans shows that the US could engineer a generational gap even in Soviet Society on culture basis.

6. Match the following:

'हँसी की चोट’ सवैये में कवि ने पाँच तत्वों आकाश, अग्नि, वायु, भूमि तथा जल का वर्णन किया गया है। गोपी द्वारा तेज़-तेज़ साँस लेने-छोड़ने से वायु तत्व चला गया है। अत्यधिक रोने से जल तत्व आँसुओं के रूप में विदा हो गया है। तन में व्याप्त गर्मी के जाने से अग्नि तत्व समाप्त हो गया है। वियोग में कमज़ोर होने के कारण भूमि तत्व चला गया है।

2. नायिका सपने में क्यों प्रसन्न थी और वह सपना कैसे टूट गया?

उत्तर

नायिका ने सपने में देखा कि कृष्ण उसके पास आते हैं और उसे झूला-झूलने का निमंत्रण देते हैं। यह उसके लिए बहुत प्रसन्नता की बात थी। उसे सपने में ही सही कृष्ण का साथ मिला था। वह जैसे ही प्रसन्नतापूर्वक कृष्ण के साथ चलने के लिए उठती है, इस बीच उसकी नींद उचट जाती है। नींद उचटने से उसका सपना टूट जाता है और कृष्ण का साथ भी छूट जाता है।

3. 'सपना' कवित्त का भाव-सौंदर्य लिखिए।

उत्तर

'सपना' कवित्त में गोपी का श्रीकृष्ण के प्रति अगाध प्रेम और मिलन की इच्छा का भाव व्यक्त हुआ है। सपने में नायिका कृष्ण का साथ पाती है। वह जैसे ही इस साथ को और आगे तक ले जाना चाहती है नींद खुलने के कारण छूट जाता है। सपना टूटने से कृष्ण का साथ छूट जाता है और वह दुखी हो जाती है।अनुप्रास तथा पुनरुक्ति प्रकाश अलंकार के प्रयोग को देखकर ‘सपना’ कवित्त में कवि के शिल्प सौंदर्य की अद्भुत क्षमता का पता चलता है। इसने कवित्त के भाव सौंदर्य को निखारने में सोने पर सुहागा जैसा काम किया है।

4. 'दरबार' सवैये में किस प्रकार के वातावरण का वर्णन किया गया है?

उत्तर

‘दरबार’ सवैये को पढ़कर ही पता चलता है कि इसमें दरबार के विषय में कहा गया है। उस समय दरबार में कला की कमी थी। भोग तथा विलास दरबार की पहचान बनती जा रही थी। कर्म का अभाव दरबारियों में था।

5. दरबार में गुणग्राहकता और कला की परख को किस प्रकार अनदेखा किया जाता है?

उत्तर

दरबार में गुणग्राहकता और कला की परख को चाटुकारों की बातें सुनकर अनदेखा किया गया है। यही कारण है कि वहाँ पर कला को अनदेखा किया जाता है। कला की परख करना, तो उन्हें आता ही नहीं है। चाटुकारों द्वारा की गई चापलूसी से भरी कविताओं को मान मिलता है। राजा तथा दरबारी भोग-विलास के कारण अंधे बन गए हैं। ऐसे वातावरण में कला का कोई महत्व नहीं होता है।

6. भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए-

(क) हेरि हियो जु लियो हरि जू हरि।

उत्तर

नायक ने जब से नायिका को हँसकर देखा है तब से नायिका को ऐसा लगता है जैसे उस नायक ने हँसकर देखने मात्र से ही उस का हृदय चुरा लिया है। वह नायक से मिलने के लिए व्याकुल रहने लगती है और निरंतर उससे नहीं मिल पाने की वियोगाग्नि में जलती रहती है।

(ख) सोए गए भाग मेरे जानि वा जगन में।

उत्तर

गोपी कृष्ण से मिलन का सपना देख रही थी। कृष्ण ने उसे अपने साथ झूला झूलने का निमंत्रण दिया था, वह इससे प्रसन्न थी। कृष्ण के साथ जाने के लिए वह उठने ही वाली थी कि उसकी नींद टूट गई। इसलिए  वह कहती है कि उसका जागना उसके भाग्य को सुला गया यानी उसके नींद से जागने के कारण कृष्ण का साथ छूट गया। यह जागना उसके लिए दुर्भाग्य के समान है।

(ग) वेई छाई बूंदें मेरे आँसु है दुगन में।।

उत्तर

श्रीकृष्ण ने गोपी को उसके सपने में जब झूले पर झूलने का आग्रह किया था तब बाहर रिमझिम बारिश की झड़ी लगी हुई थी। गोपी की नींद खुलते ही उसे वास्तविकता का पता चला कि वह तो सपना देख रही थी। न तो बाहर वर्षा हो रही थी और न ही श्रीकृष्ण वहाँ थे। इस कारण उसकी आँखों से आँसू बह निकले। गोपी को लगा कि वही वर्षा की बूंदें उसकी आँखों में आँसू की बूंदों के रूप में दिखाई देने लगी हैं।

(घ) साहिब अंध, मुसाहिब मूक, सभा बहिरी।

उत्तर

देव दरबारी वातावरण का वर्णन कर रहे हैं। वह कहते हैं कि दरबार का राजा अँधा हो गया है। दरबारी गूँगे तथा बहरे हो गए हैं। वे भोग-विलास में इतना लिप्त हैं कि उन्हें कुछ भी सुनाई दिखाई नहीं देता है। इसलिए वे बोलने में भी असमर्थ हैं।

7. देव ने दरबारी चाटुकारिता और दंभपूर्ण वातावरण पर किस प्रकार व्यंग्य किया है?

उत्तर

देव दरबार के दंभपूर्ण वातावरण का वर्णन करते हुए बताते हैं कि दरबार में राजा तथा लोग भोग विलास में लिप्त रहते हैं। दरबारियों के साथ-साथ राजा भी अंधा है, जो कुछ देख नहीं पा रहा है। यही कारण है कि कला तथा सौंदर्य का उन्हें ज्ञान नहीं रह गया है। अहंकार उन पर इतना हावी है कि कोई किसी की बात सुनने या मानने को राज़ी नहीं है।

8. निम्नलिखित पद्यांशों की सप्रसंग व्याख्या करिए-

(क) साँसनि ही .........तनुता करि।

उत्तर

प्रसंग- प्रस्तुत पंक्ति देव द्वारा रचित रचना ‘हँसी की चोट’ से ली गई है। इसमें एक गोपी के विरह का वर्णन है। कृष्ण की उपेक्षा पूर्ण व्यवहार उसे दुखी कर गया है।

व्याख्या- गोपी कहती है कि कृष्ण की उपेक्षित द़ृष्टि के कारण उसकी दशा बहुत खराब है। वह विरह की अग्नि में जल रही है। विरह में तेज़-तेज़ साँसें छोड़ने से वायु तत्व चला गया है। अत्यधिक रोने से जल तत्व आँसुओं के रूप में विदा हो गया है। तन में व्याप्त गर्मी के जाने से अग्नि तत्व समाप्त हो गया है और वियोग में कमज़ोर होने के कारण भूमि तत्व भी चला गया है।

(ख) झहरि .........  गगन में।

उत्तर

प्रसंग- प्रस्तुत पंक्ति देव द्वारा रचित रचना ‘सपना’ से ली गई है। इसमें वर्षा ऋतु का वर्णन है। आकाश में बादल छाए हैं और बूँदे बरस रही हैं।

व्याख्या- कवि कहता है कि वर्षा ऋतु के समय बारिश की बूँदे झर रही हैं। आकाश में काली घटाएँ छा गई हैं।

(ग) साहिब अंधा ......... बाच्यो।

उत्तर

प्रसंग- प्रस्तुत पंक्ति देव द्वारा रचित रचना ‘दरबार’ से ली गई है। इसमें कवि राज दरबार में स्थित राजा और सभासदों के व्यवहार का वर्णन करता है।

व्याख्या- देव दरबार के दंभपूर्ण वातावरण का वर्णन करते हुए बताते हैं कि दरबार में राजा तथा लोग भोग-विलास में लिप्त रहते हैं। दरबारियों के साथ-साथ राजा भी अंधा है, जो कुछ देख नहीं पा रहा है। यही कारण है कि कला तथा सौंदर्य का उन्हें ज्ञान नहीं रह गया है। दरबारियों पर अहंकार इतना हावी है कि कोई किसी की बात सुनने या मानने को राज़ी नहीं है। भोग-विलास के कारण वे काम  नहीं रह गए हैं|

Class 9 Science Textbook builds the foundation of Class 9 students. NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science is the best way to check your understanding the topics given in the chapter. Students face problem in finding the correct Class 9 Science NCERT Solutions that is why Studyrankers have prepared detailed NCERT Solutions that will every students in completing their homework and understanding the concepts. These solution will come at rescue whenever you get stuck in any question. The textbook is divided into three disciplines physics, chemistry and biology not in the textbook but in the question papers. You need to understand the basic concepts of physics and chemistry before trying to solve NCERT questions. Biology portion comes with environment part included so you must understand what is given inside a topic that will help you in solving question effectively. Class 9 NCERT Solutions provided are chapterwise so you only need to click on the desired chapter name to get solutions of that chapter.

You can also check NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths in order to improve application of formulas and problem solving skills.

Chapterwise NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science

NCERT Solutions Class 9 Science Chapter 1 is about Matter. Everything in this universe is made up of material which scientists have named “matter”. The air we breathe, the food we eat, stones, clouds, stars, plants and animals, even a small drop of water or a particle of sand everything is matter. Early Indian philosophers classified matter in the form of five basic elements – the “Panch Tatva”– air, earth, fire, sky and water.

Modern day scientists have evolved two types of classification of matter based on their physical properties and chemical nature, both of them are discussed in this chapter. First physical properties are discussed. Matter is made up of particles. Size of particles are very small. There are spaces between particles. It can be observed through experiments. When solute particels are dissolved in solution. Relative experiments has been discussed. Particles of matter attract each other. All these physical properties are studied with relevant experiments. Different states of matter solid, liquid and gas is discussed with their relative physical properties like intermolecular forces of attraction, shape, size and composition of particles in them. Matter can change their state from solid to liquid, liquid to gas, gas to liquid. For example, water on heating changes to its gaseous state, steam. On cooling water changes into ice which is the solid state of water. Change in pressure can also change physical state. For example, Increase in pressure, will make particles come together, so, gas can be converted into liquid. Process of evaporation is discussed with concept of latent heat. Latent heat is the heat energy required for change in physical state.

In the case of liquids, a small fraction of particles at the surface, having higher kinetic energy, is able to break away from the forces of attraction of other particles and gets converted into vapour. This phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation. Factors on which evaporation and its rate depend are discussed. Heat, wind, humidity are factors. Evaporation increases with increase in temperature, wind speed and decrease with humidity. Evaporation takes place of surface water by taking heat from below. Since, heat is lost, cooling effect can be observed.
So, is there any way to find out whether substances of daily use, like ghee, milk, even water is pure or not? Such ways are discussed in this chapter. In fact, milk itself is not a pure substance. It is a mixture. Mixtures are constituted by more than one kind of pure form of matter. Pure substances can be elements or compounds Different types of mixtures are discussed in this chapter-Solution, suspension and colloidal.

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The major component of a solution is called the solvent, and the minor, the solute. The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present per unit volume or per unit mass of the solution. Materials that are insoluble in a solvent and have particles that are visible to naked eyes, form a suspension. A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture. Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures in which the particle size is too small to be seen with the naked eye, but is big enough to scatter light. Colloids are useful in industry and daily life. The particles are called the dispersed phase and the medium in which they are distributed is called the dispersion medium. Properties of solution, colloid and suspension are discussed in detail.

Different methods to separate components of mixture are discussed. Some of them are chromatography, distillation, Crystallisation. Physical and chemical changes are discussed. . An element is a form of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions into simpler substances. A compound is a substance composed of two or more different types of elements, chemically combined in a fixed proportion. Properties of a compound are different from its constituent elements, whereas a mixture shows the properties of its constituting elements or compounds.
Chapter 3 NCERT Solutions of Class 9 Science is about Atoms. An Indian philosopher Maharishi Kanad, postulated that if we go on dividing matter (padarth), we shall get smaller and smaller particles. Ultimately, a stage will come when we shall come across the smallest particles beyond which further division will not be possible. He named these particles Parmanu. In same era, ancient Greek philosophers – Democritus and Leucippus suggested that if we go on dividing matter, a stage will come when particles obtained cannot be divided further. Democritus called these indivisible particles atoms which means indivisible. These were philosophies. They were not based on experiments. The chapter starts with laws of chemical compositions - Law of constant proportion, Law of conservation of mass.

During a chemical reaction, the sum of the masses of the reactants and products remains unchanged. This is known as the Law of Conservation of Mass. In a pure chemical compound, elements are always present in a definite proportion by mass. This is known as the Law of Definite Proportions. Concept of atom is discussed. An atom is the smallest particle of the element that cannot usually exist independently and retain all its chemical properties. A molecule is the smallest particle of an element or a compound capable of independent existence under ordinary conditions. It shows all the properties of the substance. A chemical formula of a compound shows its constituent elements and the number of atoms of each combining element. Clusters of atoms that act as an ion are called polyatomic ions. They carry a fixed charge on them. The chemical formula of a molecular compound is determined by the valency of each element.

In ionic compounds, the charge on each ion is used to determine the chemical formula of the compound. Scientists use the relative atomic mass scale to compare the masses of different atoms of elements. Mole concept has been dealt. Atoms of carbon-12 isotopes are assigned a relative atomic mass of 12 and the relative masses of all other atoms are obtained by comparison with the mass of a carbon-12 atom. The Avogadro constant 6.022 × 1023 is defined as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12. The mole is the amount of substance that contains the same number of particles (atoms/ ions/ molecules/ formula units etc.) as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12. Mass of 1 mole of a substance is called its molar mass.
Atoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of matter. The existence of different kinds of matter is due to different atoms constituting them. In the chapter we are going to discuss the constituents of atoms and how this constitutes are arranged in the atom. Defining atom was the major challenge before the scientists. It was known by 1900 that the atom was indivisible particle but contained at least one sub-atomic particle – the electron identified by J.J. Thomson. Credit for the discovery of electron and proton goes to J.J. Thomson and E.Goldstein, respectively. The first model of atom was plum pudding model of Thomson. After that, Ruther fold’s idea came into existence. His atomic model was based on alpha-particle scattering experiment done by him. We have to study his experiment and its observation.

Rutherford’s model of the atom proposed that a very tiny nucleus is present inside the atom and electrons revolve around this nucleus. The stability of the atom could not be explained by this model. So, more suitable model was to be found. Neils Bohr’s model of the atom was more successful. He proposed that electrons are distributed in different shells with discrete energy around the nucleus. If the atomic shells are complete, then the atom will be stable and less reactive. J. Chadwick discovered presence of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. So, the three sub-atomic particles of an atom are: (i) electrons, (ii) protons and (iii) neutrons. Electrons are negatively charged, protons are positively charged and neutrons have no charges. The mass of an electron is about 1/2000 times the mass of hydrogen atom. The mass of a proton and a neutron is taken as one unit each. Shells of an atom are designated as K,L,M,N,… Valency is the combining capacity of an atom.

The atomic number of an element is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus of its atom. The mass number of an atom is equal to the number of nucleons in its nucleus. Isotopes are atoms of the same element, which have different mass numbers. Isobars are atoms having the same mass number but different atomic numbers. Elements are defined by the number of protons they possess.
Here, v is final velocity, u is initial velocity, a is acceleration, s is displacement, t is time. If an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular motion.

Motion was discussed in previous chapter. What causes motion? A ball on the ground, when given a small hit, does not move forever. Such observations suggest that rest is the “natural state” of an object. This remained the belief until Galileo Galilee and Isaac Newton developed an entirely different approach to understand motion. In force, both magnitude and direction is considered. Concept of balanced and unbalanced force is discussed. In balanced force, net force is zero, as equal magnitude of force is applied from opposite sides. Net force is zero. In unbalanced force, net force is not equal to zero. For change of state from rest to motion, or motion to rest, or to change velocity of an object, unbalanced force is required. So, this much is the concept of force. Newton’s laws of motion are discussed after that.

First law of motion: An object continues to be in a state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. The natural tendency of objects to resist a change in their state of rest or of uniform motion is called inertia. The first law is also known as law of inertia. The law has been explained with several examples. The mass of an object is a measure of its inertia. Its SI unit is kilogram (kg). Force of friction always opposes motion of objects.

Second law of motion says, The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of the force. From this, it can be derived force = mass multiplied by acceleration. The SI unit of force is kg m s –2 . This is also known as newton and represented by the symbol N. A force of one newton produces an acceleration of 1 ms –2 on an object of mass 1 kg. The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity and has the same direction as that of the velocity. Its SI unit is kg ms –1 ,also known as Newton.

Third law of motion says, To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and they act on two different bodies. In an isolated system (where there is no external force), the total momentum remains conserved.


Sound is a form of energy which produces a sensation of hearing in our ears. Different types of sound we hear in our day to day to life. These are the sounds of bird, horn of cars, children crying around and many more. There are also other forms of energy like mechanical energy, light energy etc. We know that energy is conserved and can change its form. When we clap, the mechanical energy is converted into sound energy.

Sound is produced due to vibration of different objects. Sound travels as a longitudinal wave through a material medium. Sound travels as successive compressions and rarefactions in the medium. In sound propagation, it is the energy of the sound that travels and not the particles of the medium. Sound cannot travel in vacuum. The change in density from one maximum value to the minimum value and again to the maximum value makes one complete oscillation.

The distance between two consecutive compressions or two consecutive rarefaction is called the wavelength, λ. The time taken by the wave for one complete oscillation of the density or pressure of the medium is called the time period, T. The number of complete oscillations per unit time is called the frequency. It is 1/(Time Period).

The speed v, frequency ν, and wavelength λ, of sound are related by the equation, v = λν. The speed of sound depends primarily on the nature and the temperature of the transmitting medium. The law of reflection of sound states that the directions in which the sound is incident and reflected make equal angles with the normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence and the three lie in the same plane.

For hearing a distinct sound, the time interval between the original sound and the reflected one must be at least 0.1 s. The persistence of sound in an auditorium is the result of repeated reflections of sound and is called reverberation. Sound properties such as pitch, loudness and quality are determined by the corresponding wave properties. Loudness is a physiological response of the ear to the intensity of sound. The amount of sound energy passing each second through unit area is called the intensity of sound.

The audible range of hearing for average human beings is in the frequency range of 20 Hz – 20 kHz.
Sound waves with frequencies below the audible range are termed “infrasonic” and those above the audible range are termed “ultrasonic”. Ultrasound has many medical and industrial applications. The SONAR technique is used to determine the depth of the sea and to locate under water hills, valleys, submarines, icebergs, sunken ships etc.

We need to conserve our natural resources and use them in a sustainable manner. That is the motto of this chapter.

1. पहले छंद में कवि ने किस ऋतु का वर्णन किया है?

उत्तर

पद्माकर ने पहले छंद में बसंत ऋतु का प्रभावशाली वर्णन किया है।

2. इस ऋतु में प्रकृति में क्या परिवर्तन होते हैं?

उत्तर

इस ऋतु में प्रकृति में ये परिवर्तन होते हैं-
• वसंत ऋतु में वृक्षों के झुंडों में भँवरे गुंजार करने लगते हैं।
• बगीचों में विभिन्न रंगों के फूल खिलने लगते हैं।
• आम का बौर अपनी सुगंध से सारे वातावरण को मादक बना देता है।
• पक्षी के समूह शोर मचाने लगते हैं।
• वनस्पतियाँ रस-रंग से परिपूर्ण हो जाती हैं।
• युवावर्ग आनंद में झूमने लगता है|

3. 'और' की बार-बार आवृत्ति से अर्थ में क्या विशिष्टता उत्पन्न हुई है?

उत्तर

कवि ने अपने कवित्त में 'और' शब्द की आवृत्ति से प्रकट किया है कि ऋतुराज वसंत का प्रभाव तो अति विशिष्ट है; बिलकुल अलग प्रकार का है, वैसा प्रभाव तो किसी ऋतु का हो ही नहीं सकता। प्रकृति तथा लोगों में वसंत ऋतु के आने पर मन में जो चमत्कारी बदलाव हुआ है, इस शब्द के माध्यम से उसे दिखाने में कवि सफल हो पाए हैं| इस शब्द से पता चलता है कि अभी जो प्राकृतिक सुंदरता थी उसमें और भी वृद्धि हुई है।

4. 'पद्माकर के काव्य में अनुप्रास की योजना अनूठी बन पड़ी है।' उक्त कथन को प्रथम छंद के आधार पर स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर

पद्माकर ने अनुप्रास अलंकार का सहज-स्वाभाविक प्रयोग तो किया ही है| उन्होंने स्थान-स्थान पर अनुप्रास का ऐसा प्रयोग किया है कि उनकी योजना अनूठी बन गई है। इसके उदाहरण इस प्रकार हैं-
(क) भीर भौंर
(ख) छलिया छबीले छैल और छबि छ्वै गए
(ग) गोकुल के कुल के गली के गोप गाउन के
(घ) कछू-को-कछू भाखत भनै
(ङ) चलित चतुर
(च) चुराई चित चोराचोरी
(छ) मंजुल मलारन
(ज) छवि छावनो

5. होली के अवसर पर सारा गोकुल गाँव किस प्रकार रंगों के सागर में डूब जाता है? दूसरे छंद के आधार पर लिखिए।

उत्तर

गोकुल की गलियों में सभी लोग होली के रंगों में डूबकर किसी को कुछ भी कह देते हैं। गोपों द्वारा घरों के आगे-पीछे दौड़कर होली खेली जा रही है। होली का हुड़दंग मचा हुआ है। एक गोपी कृष्ण के प्रेम के स्याम रंग में भीगी हुई है। वह इसे हटाना नहीं चाहती है, बस इसी में डूबना चाहती है। किसी को किसी का लिहाज़ नहीं है। कोई भी कुछ भी सुनना नहीं चाहता है। उनके विषय में कुछ भी कहना संभव नहीं है।

6. 'बोरत तौं बोर्यो पै निचोरत बनै नहीं' इस पंक्ति में गोपिका के मन का क्या भाव व्यक्त हुआ है?

उत्तर

इस पंक्ति में गोपी कहती हैं कि मैं तो कृष्ण के रंग में चोरी-चोरी रंग गई हूँ अर्थात मैंने सबसे चोरी अपने मन को कृष्ण के रंग में रंग दिया है। एक बार अपना मन कृष्ण के रंग में रंग देने के पश्चात अब मैं उसे निचोड़ने यानी उससे मुक्त होने के लिए तैयार नहीं हूँ।

7. पद्माकर ने किस तरह भाषा शिल्प से भाव-सौंदर्य को और अधिक बढ़ाया है? सोदाहरण लिखिए।

उत्तर

पद्माकर भाषा शिल्प में माहिर थे। उन्होंने अपना सारा काव्य ब्रजभाषा में रचा है जिसमें अलंकारों की अधिकता है। सूक्ष्म अनुभूतियों को दिखाने के लिए लाक्षणिक शब्द का इस्तेमाल किया गया है। उदाहरण के लिए यह उदाहरण देखें-
औरै भाँति कुंजन में गुंजरत भीर भौंर,
औरे डौर झौरन पैं बौरन के ह्वै गए।
‘औरै’ शब्द की पुनरुक्ति चमत्कार उत्पन्न देती है। अनुप्रास अलंकार के प्रयोग के जो ध्वनिचित्र बने हैं, वे अद्भुत हैं। उदाहरण के लिए देखिए-
1. छलिया छबीले छैल औरे छबि छ्वै गए
2. गोकुल के कुल के गली के गोप गाउन के
इसी कवित्त में 'बोरत तौँ बोर्यो पै निचोरत बनीं नहीं' में विशेषोक्ति अलंकार है। 'होली वर्णन' के पद में कवि ने चाक्षुक बिंब का आकर्षक विधान किया है तथा 'हौं तो स्याम-रंग में चुराई चित चोरा चोरी' में अनुप्रास तथा 'स्याम-रंग' में श्लेष अलंकार का सहज भाव से प्रयोग किया गया है।

8. तीसरे छंद में कवि ने सावन ऋतु की किन-किन विशेषताओं की ओर ध्यान आकर्षित किया है?

उत्तर

सावन ऋतु की विशेषताएँ इस प्रकार हैं-
• बगीचे में भँवरों का स्वर फैल गया है। उनका गुंजार मल्हार राग के समान प्रतीत होता है।
• इस ऋतु के प्रभाव से ही अपना प्रिय प्राण से अधिक प्यारा लगता है।
• मोर की ध्वनि हिंडोलों की छवि-सी लगती है।
• यह प्रेम की ऋतु है।
• झूले झूलने के लिए यह सर्वोत्तम ऋतु है।

9. संदर्भ सहित व्याख्या कीजिए-

(क) औरै भाँति कुंजन"....."छबि छ्वै गए।

उत्तर

प्रसंग- प्रस्तुत पंक्ति प्रसिद्ध कवि पद्माकर द्वारा रचित है। इसमें कवि वसंत ऋतु में बाग-बगीचों में होने वाले परिवर्तन को दर्शा रहे हैं।

व्याख्या- प्रस्तुत पंक्तियों में वसंत ऋतु के आने पर वातावरण की विशेषता बताई गई है। पद्माकर कहते हैं कि बाग में भवरों के समूहों की भीड़ बढ़ गई है। बागों में आम के पेड़ों पर बौरें लग गई हैं। इससे पता चलता है कि फल अब लगने ही वाले हैं। भाव यह है कि वसंत ऋतु में बाग में फूल खिलने लगते हैं, जिसके कारण भवरों की संख्या में वृद्धि हो गई है। ऐसे ही आम के वृक्षों पर बौरें लग गई हैं, जो इस बात का प्रमाण है कि फल लगने वाले हैं।

(ख) तौ लौं चलित "बनै नहीं।

उत्तर

प्रसंग- प्रस्तुत पंक्ति प्रसिद्ध कवि पद्माकर द्वारा रचित है। इसमें एक गोपी की दशा का वर्णन किया गया है। उस पर श्याम रंग चढ़ गया है और वह उसे उतारना नहीं चाहती है।

व्याख्या- पद्माकर कहते हैं कि होली खेलते समय एक गोपी कहती हैं कि मेरे पर कृष्ण का रंग चढ़ गया है। दूसरी सखी उसे इस रंग को निचोड़कर उतारने के लिए कहती है। वह गोपी इस रंग को उतारना नहीं चाहती है। यह रंग कृष्ण के प्रेम का रंग है। वह कहती है कि यदि वह इस रंग को निचोड़ देगी, तो यह रंग निकल जाएगा। वह इस रंग में डूब जाना चाहती है। अतः वह दूसरी गोपी को मना कर देती है। भाव यह है कि जो कृष्ण से प्रेम करता है, वह उसके रंग को अपना लेता है। गोपी भी कृष्ण को प्रेम करती है। अतः कृष्ण से प्रेम करने के कारण कृष्ण का काला रंग भी उसे अच्छा लगता है।

(ग) कहैं पद्माकर..."लगत है।

उत्तर

प्रसंग- प्रस्तुत पंक्ति प्रसिद्ध कवि पद्माकर द्वारा रचित है। प्रस्तुत पंक्ति में पद्माकर वर्षा ऋतु की विशेषता बता रहे हैं। उनके अनुसार यह प्रेम की ऋतु है और इसमें रूठना-मनाना अच्छा लगता है।

व्याख्या- पद्माकर कहते हैं कि वर्षा ऋतु में प्रेमिका को अपना प्रियमत अच्छा लगता है। इसमें रूठे प्रेमी को मनाने में भी आनंद आता है। भाव यह है कि प्रायः जब प्रियतम रूठ जाता है, तो मनुष्य अहंकार वश मनाता नहीं है। वर्षा ऋतु में यदि प्रेमी नाराज़ हो जाए, तो उसे मनाना अच्छा लगता है। यह ऋतु का ही प्रभाव है कि नाराज़ प्रेमी को मनाकर आनंद प्राप्त किया जाता है।

संध्या के समय सूर्य का प्रकाश लाल आभा लिए हो जाता है और झरनों से बहनेवाले जल का वर्ण स्वर्णिम हो जाता है। ये किरणें गंगाजल को स्वर्णिम करती हुई उसके किनारे की रेत पर धूपछाँही बना देती है। जैसे-जैसे सूर्य डूबता जाता है वैसे-वैसे प्राकृतिक परिवेश बदलता रहता है। तांबाई से स्वर्णिम, फिर सुरमई और सूर्य के डूबते ही अँधेरा छा जाता है।

2. पंत जी ने नदी के तट का जो वर्णन किया है, उसे अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।

नदी के तट पर ध्यान में मगन वृद्ध औरतें ऐसे प्रतीत हो रही हैं, मानो शिकार करने के लिए नदी किनारे खड़े बगुलें हों। पंत जी ने कविता में वृद्ध औरतों की बहुत सुंदर उपमा दी है। उनके दुख को भी बहुत सुंदर ढंग से प्रस्तुत किया है। नदी की मंथर धारा को वृद्ध औरतों के मन में बहने वाले दुख के समान बताया गया है। इस तरह से वृद्ध औरतें और बगुले दोनों ही नदी किनारे में मिलते हैं। उनके सफेद रंग के कारण कवि ने बहुत सुंदर उपमा देकर दोनों को एक कर दिया है।

3. बस्ती के छोटे से गाँव के अवसाद को किन-किन उपकरणों द्वारा अभिव्यक्त किया गया है?

शाम होते ही कृषक, उनकी गाएँ तथा पक्षी घर की और लौट पड़ते हैं।

4. लाला के मन में उठनेवाली दुविधा को अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।

लाला अपनी छोटी एवं संकुचित दुकान को देखकर वह स्वयं को दयनीय, दुखी और अपमानित अनुभव करता है। जीवन-भर अपनी दुकान की गद्दी पर बैठा हुआ उसे ऐसा लगता है जैसे किसी निर्जीव और बेकार अनाज का ढेर हो। वह सोचता था कि शहर में रहने वाले बनियों के समान वह उठ क्यों नहीं पाता? वह थोड़ी-सी आय के लिए बात-बात में झूठ बोलता है तथा अपने ही वर्ग के साथ प्रतिस्पर्धा के कारण अपने जीवन को तबाह कर रहा है।

सामाजिक समानता की छवि की कल्पना इस प्रकार अभिव्यक्त हुई है-
• कर्म तथा गुण के समान ही सकल आय-व्यय का वितरण होना चाहिए।
• सामूहिक जीवन का निर्माण किया जाए।
• सब मिलकर नए संसार का निर्माण करें।
• सब मिलकर सभी प्रकार की सुख-सुविधाओं का भोग करें।
• समाज को धन का उत्तराधिकारी बनाया जाए।
• सभी व्याप्त वस्त्र, भोजन तथा आवास के अधिकारी हों।
• श्रम सबमें समान रूप से बँटें।

6. 'कर्म और गुण के समान.."हो वितरण' पंक्ति के माध्यम से कवि कैसे समाज की ओर संकेत कर रहा है?

प्रस्तुत पंक्तियां कविवर सुमित्रानंदन की कविता 'संध्या के बाद' से ली गयी हैं जिसमें कवि ने बहुत ही सुंदर और मार्मिक रूप में प्रकृति का चित्रण किया है। कवि ने सांध्यकालीन वातावरण में नदी के तट पर बैठी बूढ़ी स्त्रियों और विधवाओं की दशा का वर्णन किया है जो ऐसे ध्यान मग्न होकर परमात्मा का नाम जप रही हैं जैसे बगुले ध्यानपूर्वक पानी देख रहे हों| उनके हृदय में दुख की मंथन धारा बह रही है। इस काव्यांश की प्रत्येक पंक्ति में काव्य सौंदर्य अद्भुत जान पड़ता है। पहली पंक्ति में ‘बगुलों-सी वृद्धाएँ’ में उपमा अलंकार है। कवि ने तत्सम शब्दों का प्रयोग करके अपनी बात को बहुत सुंदर रूप में चित्रित किया है।

8. आशय स्पष्ट कीजिए-

पीपल के सूखे पत्ते ऐसे लग रहे हैं मानो ताँबे धातु से बने हों। वह पेड़ से गिरते हुए ऐसे लग रहे हैं मानो सैंकड़ों मुँह वाले झरनों से सुनहरे रंग की धाराएँ गिर रही हों।

मंदिर के शिखर पर लगा कलश सूर्य की रोशनी के प्रभाव से दीपक की जलती लौ के समान लग रहा है। ऐसा लग रहा है मानो संध्या आरती में वह भी लोगों के समान आरती कर रहा है।

आकाश में व्याप्त खग नामक पक्षी पंक्ति में उड़ रहे हैं। उनकी गुंजार शांत आकाश को गुंजार से भर देती है।

मनुष्य के मन में व्याप्त दुख तथा कष्ट उसकी आँखों में यादों के रूप में उभर आते हैं।

घरों में विद्यमान दीपक जल उठे हैं। इस अंधकार में उसकी रोशनी अवश्य कमज़ोर है। उस कमज़ोर ज्योति ने लगता है गोपों के मन को एक आशा दे दी है।

गाँव में लोगों के पास आय का साधन विद्यमान नहीं है। अतः उसके जीवन में बहुत दुख विद्यमान हैं। ऐसा लगता है कि मानो यह अभाव उसकी कहानी बनकर रह जाएँगे।

(а) Three times larger share in world trade than the US.
(b) Its currency Euro can pose a threat to the dominance of the US dollar.
(c) The EU functions as an important bloc in the World Trade Organisation (WTO).

• Political and Diplomatic Influences:
(a) Two members of the EU, Britain, and France hold permanent seats in the Security Council to influence the UN policies.
(b) The EU also includes various non-permanent members of the UNSC.
(c) The European Union play an influential role in diplomacy and negotiations except for the military force i.e. the EU’s dialogue with China on human rights and environmental degradation is remarkable.

• Military Influence:
(a) The EU’s combined armed fo^fees are second largest in the world.
(b) Its total expenditure on the military is second to the US.
(c) Its two important members— Britain and France also experience nuclear ascends of 550 nuclear warheads.
(d) The EU is the world’s second most important source of space and communications technology.

12. The emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. Do you agree with the statement? Substantiate your arguments.

Answer

The Indo-China relations experience strategically organized as rising economic powers in global politics and to play a major role in the Asian economy after the end of the Cold War. It can be proved on the following grounds:
• The new economic policies of India and China have broken their economy from stagnancy.
• The creation of special economic zones led to a phenomenal rise in foreign trade.
• China has become the most important destination for foreign direct investment anywhere in the world. Hence, it has large reserves for foreign exchange to allow it to make a big investment in other countries.
• At the global level also, India and China have adopted similar policies in the World Trade Organisation to deepen integration with the world economy to challenge the unipolar world.

13. The peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organizations. Justify this statement.

Answer

This statement represents the ASEAN Regional Forum and the European Union, where ASEAN Regional Forum is based on the notion not to escalate territorial disputes into an armed confrontation:

• The ASEAN is rapidly growing as a regional organization with the Vision 2020 including an outward-looking role in the international community and to encourage negotiations over conflicts in the region.

• ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) maintains coordination of security and foreign policy.

• The EU has also been funded on the ground of common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs.

• The European Union has also extended cooperation while acquiring new members, especially from Soviet bloc.

14. Identify the contentious issues between China and India. How could these be resolved for greater cooperation? Give your suggestions.

Answer

The relations with China experience friendly gestures from India as India signed popular ‘Panchsheel’ to develop Indo-China relations in 1954 and advocated China’s membership to the United Nations. Still, after 1957, various contentious issues arose in Indo-China relations:

• In 1962, military conflict over a border dispute of MacMohan Line resulted on the unwarranted claim by China which now lie in Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin region of Ladakh.

• Differences arose from Chinese take over of Tibet in 1950 which was protested by India against China.

• After Panchsheel, attack by China on India in 1962, to occupy larger territories of India, created humiliation.

• China’s assistance to Pakistan’s nuclear programme also created differences.

• China’s military relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar were viewed as hostile to Indian interests.

 All the above-mentioned differences/ disputes could be resolved for greater cooperation:

• Both the countries should make some more efforts to revive the harmonious attitude between themselves.
• Both the countries should move hand-in-hand to fight against terrorism, nuclear race and economic disparities.
• Both countries should develop understanding and respect.
• Hence, both of them have signed agreements on cultural exchange and cooperation in science and technology.

► Nepal

(b) A landlocked country with multi-party competition.

► Bhutan

(c) The first country to liberalise the economy in the South Asian region.

► India

(d) In the conflict between the military and pro-democracy groups, the military has prevailed over democracy.
► Pakistan

► India

(f) Earlier the island had the Sultans as the head of state. Now, it is a republic.
► Maldives

► India 

► Nepal

2. Which among the following statements about South Asia is wrong?
(a) All the countries in South Asia are democratic.
(b) Bangladesh and India have signed an agreement on river-water sharing.
(c) SAFTA was signed at the 12th SAARC Summit in South Asian politics.
(d) The US and China play an influential role in South Asian politics.

Answer

(a) All the countries in South Asia are democratic.

3. What are some of the commonalities and differences between Bangladesh and Pakistan in their democratic experiences?

Answer

Commonalities
• Both Bangladesh and Pakistan were under a military rule.
• At both the places, the struggle for democracy took place in their own way.
• Pakistan’s administration began under the command of General Ayub Khan and gave up due to dissatisfaction among people giving way to Yahya’s military rule and continued with the army rule though elections were held by military rulers to give a democratic shape to their own rule.
• In the same way, Bangladesh drafted its own constitution to begin with democracy. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman formed presidential setup by abolishing all the parties except Awami Legue. But after his assassination the new military ruler Zia-ur-Rahman formed his own party and won elections in 1979. Later on he was also assassinated and another military leader Lt. Gen. H.M. Ershad took over.

Differences
• In Pakistan, military, clergy and land-owning aristocrats dominated socially to overthrow elected government whereas in Bangladesh the leaders and their party members dominated for the same.
• Pro-military groups have become more powerful due to conflict with India in Pakistan whereas in Bangladesh, pro-military groups are powerful due to friendship and encouragement of India.

4. List three challenges to democracy in Nepal.

Answer

The three challenges to democracy in Nepal were the result of a triangular conflict between-
• the monarchist forces
• the democrats and
• the Maoists.
These challenges created massive, countrywide, pro-democracy protest in April 2006.

5. Name the principal players in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. How do you assess the prospects of the resolution of this conflict?

Answer

The principal players in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka were Sinhala and Sri Lankan Tamils.
After its independence, politics in Sri Lanka was dominated by forces that represented the interest of the majority Sinhala community. They were hostile to a large number of Tamils who had migrated from India to Sri Lanka and settled there. Sinhalese presumed Sri Lanka to be belonged to them only, hence no concession should be given to Tamils. This created militant Tamil nationalism i. e. ‘Ethnic conflict’.

In spite of the conflict, Sri Lanka has registered considerable economic growth and recorded high levels of human development. Sri Lanka was one of the first developing countries to successfully control the rate of growth of population, the first country in the region to liberalise the economy, and it has had the highest per capita gross domestic product (GDP) for many years right through the civil war. Despite the ravages of internal conflict, it has maintained a democratic political system.

6. Mention some of the recent agreements between India and Pakistan. Can we be sure that the two countries are well in their way to a friendly relationship?

Answer

Although Indo-Pakistan relations seem to be the story of endemic conflict and violence, there have been a series of efforts to manage tensions and build peace under the various agreements:
• Agreed to undertake confidence building measures to reduce the risk of war.
• Social activists and prominent personalities have collaborated to create an atmosphere of friendship.
• Leaders have met at summits to better understanding.
• Bus routes have been opened up between these two countries.
• Trade between the two parts of Punjab has increased substantially in the last five years.
• Visas have been given more easily.

No, despite the above mentioned agreements and initiatives, we can not be sure that both the countries are well in their way to friendship, still some areas of conflict exist there to be sorted out.

7. Mention two areas each of cooperation and disagreement between India and Bangladesh.

Answer

Disagreement
• Differences over the sharing of the Ganga and Brahmaputra river waters.
• Illegal immigration to India.
• Refusal to allow Indian troops to move through its territory.
• Not to export natural gas to India.

Cooperation
• Economic relations have been improved considerably within last ten years.
• Bangladesh is the part of India’s ‘Look East’ policy to link up with southeast Asia via Myanmar.
• Cooperated on the issues of disaster management and environment.
• Cooperation on identifying common threats and being more sensitive to each other’s needs.

8. How are the external powers influencing bilateral relations in South Asia? Take any one example to illustrate your point.

Answer

The external powers influence bilateral relations in South Asia because no region exists in the vacuum. It is influenced by outside powers and events no matter how much it may try to insulate itself from non-regional powers:

• China and the US remain key players in South Asian politics.

• Sino-Indian relations have improved significantly in the last ten years, but China’s strategic partnership with Pakistan remains a major irritant.

• The demands of development and globalisation have brought the two Asian giants closer and their economic ties have multiplied rapidly since 1991.

• The US enjoys good relations with both India and Pakistan and works as a moderator in Indo-Pak relations.

• Economic reforms and liberal economic policies in both the countries have increased the depth of American participation.

• The large South Asian economy remains in the US and the huge size of population and markets of the region give America an added stake in the future of regional security and peace.

9. Write a short note on the role and the limitations of SAARC as a forum for facilitating economic cooperation among the South Asian Countries.

Answer

Role of SAARC:
• ‘South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation’ (SAARC) is a regional initiative among South Asian states to evolve cooperation since 1985 onwards.
• It consists of seven members to encourage mutual harmony and understanding.
• SAARC has initiated SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Agreement) to free trade zones for wThole south Asia for collective economic security.
• SAARC has projected on economic development of its member states to reduce their dependencies on the non-regional powers.

Limitations:
SAARC is growing slowly due to political differences among its member states:
• Only the conflicts led to bilateral issues as Kashmir problem between India and Pak.
• Some of the India’s neighbours fear that India intends to dominate them by influencing their societies and politics.
• SAARC members are from among the developing or least developing countries which creates insufficiency of funds.

10. India’s neighbours often think that the Indian government tries to dominate and interfere in the domestic affairs of the smaller countries of the region. Is this a correct impression?


Answer

No, the impression is not correct because India has various problems with its smaller neighbours in the region. Given its size and power, they are bound to be suspicious of India’s intentions.
• The Indian government, on the other hand, often feels exploited by its neighbours.
• India does not like the political instability in these countries, fearing it can help outside powers to gain influence in the region.
• The smaller countries fear that India wants to be a regionally-dominant power but it not justified as major conflicts and differences, though, are between India and the others, partly because of the geography of the region, in which India is located centrally and is therefore the only country that borders the others.

The is upto the government and people of smaller neighbouring countries than any other outside power about the dominance and interference of Indian government.

► Correct

► Correct

► Wrong 

► Correct

2. Mark correct or wrong against each of the following statements about the way the UN functions:

(a) All security and peace related issues are dealt within the Security Council.
► Correct 

(b) Humanitarian policies are implemented by the main organs and specialised agencies spread across the globe.
► Wrong

(c) Having consensus among five permanent members on security issues is vital for its implementation.
► Correct 

(d) The members of the General Assembly are automatically the members of all other principal organs and specialised agencies of the UN.
► Wrong

3. Which among the following would give more weightage to India’s proposal for permanent membership in the Security Council?
(a) Nuclear capability
(b) It has been a member of the UN since its inception.

(c) It is located in Asia.
(d) India’s growing economic power and stable political system.

Answer

(d) India’s growing economic power and stable political system.

4. The UN agency concerned with the safety and peaceful use of nuclear technology is:
(a) The UN Committee on Disarmament
(b) International Atomic Energy Agency
(c) UN International Safeguard Committee
(d) None of the above.

Answer

(b) International Atomic Energy Agency

5. WTO is serving as the successor to which of the following organisations:
(a) General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs
(b) General Arrangement on Trade and Tariffs
(c) World Health Organisation
(d) UN Development Programme

Answer

(a) General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs

6. Fill in the blanks:

► to maintain peace and security

► Secretariat

► 5, 10

(d) ________is the present UN Secretary General.
► António Guterres

7. Match the principal organs and agencies of the UN with their functions:

► Correct 

► Wrong

► Correct 

► Wrong

3. Which among the following are true about the Global Commons?
(a) The earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, ocean floor and outer space are considered as part of the Global Commons.
(b) The Global Commons are outside sovereign jurisdiction.
(c) The question of managing the Global Commons has reflected the North-South divide.
(d) The countries of the North are more concerned about the protection of the global Commons than the countries of the South.

Answer

(a) The Earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, ocean floor and outer space are considered as a part of global commons.

4. What were the outcomes of Rio-Summit?

Answer

• Rio-Summit produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry and recommended a list of development practices called Agenda 21.
• It gave the concept of sustainable development to be combined economic growth with ecological responsibility.
• Rio-Summit developed various contentious issues like Commons, Global Commons in global politics of the environment.

5. What is meant by Global Commons? How are they exploited and polluted?

Answer

The areas or regions located outside the jurisdiction of any one state and region, common governance by the international community are Global Commons. They include the earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, the ocean floor, and outer space.They are exploited and polluted due to:
• Vague scientific evidence, their lack of consensus on common environmental issues.
• North-South inequalities and their exploitative activities and competition lack proper management area out space.
• Technological and Industrial development has also affected the earth’s atmosphere and ocean floor.

6. What is meant by ‘Common but differentiated responsibilities’? How could we implement the idea?

Answer

Common but differentiated responsibilities was the first international step to address climate change and equally responsible for ecological conservation. It mean that the state shall cooperate in the spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the earth’s ecosystem.

The developed countries acknowledge that the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technological and financial resources they command. We could implement the idea with the help of conventions and declarations:
• The Rio-Summit held in June 1992 produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry and recommended a list of developed practices called Agenda 21.
• The 1992 United Nations Framework convention on climatic change (UNFCCC) also emphasized that the parties should act to protect the climate system on the basis of common but differentiated responsibilities.
• An international agreement is known Kyoto Protocol set targets for industrialized countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions which support for global warming.

7. Why have issues related to global environmental protection become the priority concern of states since the 1990s?

Answer

Issues related to global environmental protection became the priority concern of states since the 1990s because at the global level, the environmental issues drew the attention of various states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992 through Agenda 21:

• Rio-Summit 1992 dealt with climatic change, biodiversity and forestry.
• Agenda 21 combined economic growth with ecological responsibilities.
• Kyoto Protocol set targets for greenhouse emissions.

The above-mentioned conferences and summits raised the environmental issues at the global level to take steps by various states to check environmental degradation in a co-operative manner.

8. Compromise and accommodation are the two essential policies required by states to save Planet Earth. Substantiate the statement in the light of the ongoing negotiations between the North and South on environmental issues.

Answer

Compromise and accommodation are the two essential policies to save Planet Earth by the states but the states from North and South have different notions towards environmental issues:
• The Northern states (developed countries) were concerned with ozone depletion and global warming, the Southern states (developing countries) were anxious to address the relationship between economic development and environmental management.
• The developed countries of the North want to discuss the environmental issues which stand equally responsible for ecological conservation.
• The developing countries of the South feel that much of the ecological degradation in the world is the product of industrial development undertaken by the developed countries. If they have caused

The technology remains a critical element to globalisation. The invention of telegraph, the telephone, and the microchip in more recent times has revolutionised communication between different parts of the world. The ability of ideas, capital, commodities and people to move more easily from one part of the world to another has been made possible largely by technological advances.

8. Critically evaluate the impact of the changing role of state in the developing countries in the light of globalisation?

Economic aspects of globalisation shapes a large part of the content and direction of contemporary debates surrounding globalisation. Economic globalisation is related to the distribution of economic gains, i.e. who gets the most from globalisation and who gets less, indeed who loses from it.

Positive Implications of Economic Globalisation:
• It involves greater economic flows among various countries.
• It has enhanced trade in commodities among countries.
• The restrictions on the imports and movement of capital have also been reduced.
• This has spread internet and computer related services across national boundaries.

Negative Implications of Economic Globalisation:
• Economic globalisation has created diverse opinion all over the world as to benefit only a small section of society.
• It does not have equality at par the movement of people across the globe i.e. developed countries

have carefully guarded their borders with visa policies to ensure job security to their own citizens.
• It has created disparities among states also by making the rich more richer and the poor more poorer.

Impact of Globalisation on India
• It led to the creation of many new jobs in the MNCs like cell phones, FMCG etc. but these jobs are concentrated more in the services sector.
• India companies are joining hands with many MNCs and also many Indian companies itself became MNCs such as Reliance Indutries, TATA etc.
• Globalisation provided a wide range of choice in selecting goods to consumers.

10. Do you agree with the argument that globalisation leads to cultural heterogeneity?

Answer

11. How has globalisation impacted on India and how is India in turn impacting on globalisation?

Answer

Impact of Globalisation on India:
• It led to the creation of many new jobs in the MNCs like cell phones, FMCG etc.
• India is playing a crucial role among developing countries in trade and commerce by making some companies multinational themselves such as Tata, Reliance etc.
• It has invited inflow of private foreign capital and export oriented activities. India in turn impacting:

After the financial crisis of 1991, Indian economy was liberalised to attract foreign direct investment.
• India introduced new trade policy reforms to remove tariffs and restrictions imposed on imports.
• Under industries, it abolished licensing system exempting few specified industries only.
• Banking operations by private sectors were permitted to expand in the country.