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Summary of The Shehnai of Bismillah Khan Class 9th Beehive

August 3, 2019, 12:28 am
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Summary and Explanation of The Shehnai of Bismillah Khan-The Sound of Music-II (Character Sketch and Quick Revision Notes)

Character Sketch of Ustad Bismillah Khan

Ustad Bismillah Khan was a Shehnai master of great national and international fame. He was a great musician. Ali Bux, his maternal unde perfected him in music. Shehnai was brought to the classical stage by Ustad Bismillah Khan. He practiced for hours and worked very hard to attain perfection. It was his melodious music that made him the first Indian to greet tire independent India. Ustad Bismillah Khan created many new rags. He was given many awards and he even received the “Bharat Ratna”. He was a true patriot who declined many offers to settle aborad. He was a true artist but a simple man. He had great regard for Hindustani Classical Music.

Summary of the The Sound of Music II

This chapter throws light on the origin of Shehnai and the life of all-time great Shehnai Vadak —Bismillah Than. The winner of Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award of India, his dedication to music and his love for India.

"Pungi” a musical instrument, was banned by Emperor Aurangzeb, because of its shrill and unpleasant sound. In fact, it was regarded more as a noise maker rather than a musical instrument. It was modified and perfected by a barber who belonged to a family of professional musicians. He played it in the chamber of the king. Its sound was so appreciated by the emperor that it was made a part of Naubat. Since it was played for the first time in Shah's chamber by a Nai, it came to be known as Shehnai.

Traditionally, it was played in the temples and on every auspicious domestic occasions also. Its sound was regarded as auspicious. But it was treated as an incomplete musical instrument, not capable of creating independent pages. But Bismillah broke this myth.

Bismillah belongs to the Benares Gharana. He was born in 1916 at Dumraon, in Bihar. As a 5 year old, he used to visit the Bihariji Temple and sing Bhojpuri "Chaitya" there. For his melodious singing he used to earn a big Laddu from the local Bhojpuri King. At the age of 6, he moved to Benares. There under the guidance and training of his maternal uncle, Ali Bux, he started picking up the finer nuances of shehnai. He used to spend most of his time practicing on the banks of the River Ganges. The themes of his music were deeply affected by the sounds of flowing water of the Ganga.

Quick Revision Notes

  • Shehnai replaced pungi which had a  shrill unpleasant sound.
  • Pungi’s tonal quality was improved by a nai (barbar) of sah (emperor Aurnangeb); hence it was named as shehnai.
  • Ustad Bismillah Khan is a Shehnai Maestro. Bismillah khan took to music early in life when he was 3 years old in the company of his maternal uncle.
  • He used to sing ‘ Chiata’ in Bihariji temple and practicing shehnai  in Vishnu temple and Mangala Maiya temple of Varanasi.
  • His life is a source of simplicity and communal harmony.
  • Bismillah khan got his big break with the opening of All India Radio in Lucknow in 1938.
  • He also played shehnai on 15 August, 1947 from Red fort in presence of Pandit Nehru.
  • Bismillah khan gave many memorable performance both in India and abroad.
  • He also gave music in  two movies ‘Gunj Uthi shehnai’ and ‘Sanadhi Apanna”.
  • He was so fond of his motherland India, Benaras and the  holy Ganga that he refused an offer to be the Head of Shehnai school in USA.
  • In 2001, Ustad Bismillah khan was awarded India’s highest civilian avard, the Bharat Ratna.

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Summary of The Little Girl Class 9th Beehive

August 3, 2019, 12:55 am
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Summary and Explanation of The Little Girl (Character Sketch and Quick Revision Notes)

Character Sketches from The Little Girl

Kezia: She is like a normal little girl. She is afraid of her father as we all do. She almost hated her father. But, later She realized her father loved her and he care about her.

Kezia‟s Father: He is a strict Man. But, he loves and cares for her daughter. He made Kezia feel better, when she was getting nightmares.

Kezia‟s Mother: She is also strict as Kezia‘s father She wanted Kezia to follow orders of her father. She used to tell Kezia, If you wanted to be good girl, she need to follow orders of her father.

Kezia Grandmother: She is an old humble lady. She took care of Kezia when she was scolded and bitten by her father. She wanted Kezia to have good relationship with her father. She always used to encourage Kezia to talk to her father, to give him surprise gifts.

Summary of the The Little Girl

Kezia was a little girl, who lived with her mother, her father and her grandmother. She was afraid of her father and used to avoid him. She used to feel relieved on seeing her father go to his office. Kezia was so afraid of her father, she stuttered in front of him. He appeared to her as harsh, rude, and critical. Her grandmother wanted her to understand her parents better, and would ask her to go to the drawing room to chat with her parents. But she found them indifferent towards her.

One day grandmother suggested that she should prepare a pin cushion for her father's birthday. Kezia stitched the three sides of the pin cushion casing. Now she wanted to stuff it with something. In her mother's room on the bed table she found many sheets of fine paper. She tore them off into small pieces and filled the pin cushion and stitched the fourth side. By mistake she had used the very papers which contained her father's very important speech for the Port Authority. Though she accepted her mistake and tried to explain the reasons behind it, her father was too angry to listen to anything and punished her with a ruler on her palms. She failed to understand the punishment met out to her when she had already accepted her mistake. Bitterly she said," What did God make fathers for?

One evening she saw Mr. McDonalds, playing with his 5 children, laughing and enjoying with them. This convinced Kezia that all fathers are not alike. Some are loving and caring like. Mr. McDonald and some are cruel like her father.

But soon her attitude towards her father also changed. One day, her mother had to be taken to the hospital and her grandmother accompanied her. Kezia was left alone in the house with the cook. The day was fine. But night was a different issue. She woke up in the middle of the night screaming as she had a horrible nightmare. She was weeping out of fear. When she opened her eyes, she saw her father beside her bed. He carried her to his bedroom, and made her warm and comfortable on his bed. Father told her to rub her feet with his legs and set them warm. She felt very safe and comfortable with him.

It was now she realized that her father was not all that of a giant. That he loved and cared for her in his own way. That he had to work the whole day to provide for his family and was too tired by the evening to play with her.

Quick Revision Notes

  • Kezia is a little girl who grows in the presence of her loving grandma’s care.
  • Kezia has formal relations with mother and father. She is afraid of her strict father so she stammered while talking to him. She thought him to be giant sized.
  • On Sundays, Grandma sent her to spend time with parents but Kezia found her father lay down on the sofa to relax and mother busy in reading.
  • One day grandma, suggested her to prepare a gift for father’s birthday.
  • Kezia prepared a pin cushion with a beautiful yellow silk cloth. For that, she needed scrap to fill it.
  • She took some papers from father’s room and store them up to stuff them in the pincushion. It was the father’s important speech for the Port Authority.
  • When Kezia was questioned, she admitted her act. Father beat Kezia with a ruler and she cried bitterly. She clung to grandma who consoled her.
  • Next door neighbour Mr Macdonald plays with his children in the evening. After watching him, Kezia concludes that all fathers are not like hers.
  • One day, her mother got admitted to the hospital, she was alone at home under the care of the cook. Old nightmare haunted her – a butcher with a knife in his hand. She was too much afraid of it.
  • Father came to her room hugged her, carried her to his room to comfort her.
  • She realised that he was not so bad, but he was too busy to express his love. That night, she felt her father had a big heart.
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Summary of A Truly Beautiful Mind Class 9th Beehive

August 3, 2019, 1:43 am
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Summary and Explanation of A Truly Beautiful Mind (Character Sketch and Quick Revision Notes)

Character Sketches from A Truly Beautiful Mind

Albert Einstein: Albert Einstein was a scientific genius of all time. He brought about a paradigm shift in science especially in physics. He had keen interest in physics and mathematics. In Zurich he worked on relatively. His theory of relatively showed that time and distance are not absolute. Time for a person in space with speed comparable to that of light is much slower than that for a man on earth. He gave a famous formula E=mc2. This formula formed the basis of nuclear reactor and atom bomb. His General   Theory of relatively gave a new meaning to Gravity.. The world showered on him honors and invitations. He was honoured with Noble Prize in 1921.

Summary of A Truly Beautiful Mind

Albert Einstein was born on 14'h March in 1879, in the German city of Ulm. For about two and half years he could not speak and when he did learn to speak, he uttered every word twice. His playmates called him "Brother Boring", and his mother regarded him a freak because of the abnormally large size of his head. At school, his head master regarded him as stupid and good for nothing. But he proved them all wrong.

At the age of 6, on behest of his mother, he learned to play the violin. He became a gifted violinist At the age of 15, his family shifted to Munich. He did not feel at ease with the strict regimentation of the school and left it for good Later on, for higher education, he joined the University at Zurich because the atmosphere there was more liberal and amenable to new ideas and concepts. He showed more interest in Physics and Mathematics. He met a fellow student, Mileva Maric at the University- equally intelligent and clever. Later on they married and had 2 sons but unfortunately their marriage did not survive and were divorced in 1919.

After completing his education, Albert worked as a technical expert in the patent office at Bern. Here, he worked secretly on his idea on relativity. In 1915, he published his paper on special theory of relativity, followed by the world famous equation E = mc2.

In 1915, he published his paper on General Theory of Relativity, which gave an absolutely new definition to concept of gravity. This theory made him a famous figure. In 1919, during the solar eclipse, his theory came out to be accurate and revolutionized physics. In 1933, he emigrated to USA as Nazis had come to power in Germany. He did not want his finding and research to be used for destruction. In 1938, when Germany discovered the principle of Nuclear Fission, he was the first person to write to the American President about the dangers of the atomic bombs.

In 1945, when America dropped the Atomic Bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, he was deeply hurt and wrote to the United Nations for the formation of a world government to prevent recurrence of such destruction He spent his later days in politics advocating world peace and democracy. He died at the age of 76 in the year 1955.

Quick Revision Notes

  • Albert Einstein was born on March 14,1879 in the German city of Ulm. He had no signs of greatness.
  • His mother thought that he was a freak. When he learned to speak he spoke everything twice.
  • He  was boring for other children .So he played by himself much of the time.
  • He loved mechanical toys .looking  at his new born sister Maja he asked where her wheels were.
  • A headmaster told her father that Einstein would never make a success at anything .Einstein began playing at the age of six. Later he began as a gifted violinist.
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Summary of The Snake and the Mirror Class 9th Beehive

August 3, 2019, 3:21 am
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Summary and Explanation of The Snake and the Mirror (Character Sketch and Quick Revision Notes)

Character Sketches from The Snake and the Mirror

Doctor: The doctor was quite vain about his appearance and his qualification. He often admired his reflection in the mirror and thought of ways to look more handsome. He was a bachelor and wanted to look handsome. However, his ability to admit his follies helped him to realise that to be alive was more important than to look good. His arrogance turned into modesty after his encounter with the snake. In addition, he had admirable patience and presence of mind. When the snake landed on him, he did not jump or cry. Keeping his cool, he remembered God and actively thought about the medicine he would require in case the snake bit him. He also made the most of the opportunity when the snake was absorbed in its reflection in the mirror. Thus, the doctor is a candid person, a witty man, and an interesting character who relates his encounter with the snake in a lighter vein.

Summary of The Snake and the Mirror

It is a story about a doctor, who had only recently commenced his practice. He lived in a small rented room which was an outhouse. It had two windows and a tiled roof. The tiles were supported by gables which rested on the beam and there was no electricity. The room was infested with rats.

One hot summer night, he had his meals at the restaurant and returned home. He lighted the kerosene lamp, took off his coat and shirt and opened the two windows. He settled on the chair and took out a medical book to read. There was a large mirror on the table on which stood a lamp. Since it was too hot to sleep, and he had nothing better to do, he sat down in front of the mirror, admiring himself, admiring his looks and smile and planning what he should do to look more presentable. Gradually, his thoughts shifted from self-admiration to planning his future marriage. He thought that he would marry a rich doctor having a good practice and that he would choose a fat lady as his wife so that she would not be able to run and catch him.

He was so engrossed in his day dreaming that he did not give much importance to the sudden silence. The rats had stopped scampering and there was a sound of something falling behind hint. But he was slow to react. By the time he turned round to have a look, the snake had wriggled over the back of the chair and landed on his shoulders and coiled round his left arm above the elbow. It was a dangerous cobra and its hood spread out, hardly three inches from his face. The doctor sat there like a stone statue, afraid to move, lest the snake may strike. He thought of various medicines he had and if any was good enough to save him if the snake did bite him. In this moment of fear of death, he realized the presence of God. God had punished him for being too proud and arrogant. He realized that he was but a mere human, a poor man, nothing to boast about.

The moment he accepted his true worth, the Gods appeared pleased and the snake of its own free will left him and sat on the table in front of the mirror. The doctor got up silently and rushed out of the door. Next morning when he came back, all his belongings had been pilfered but for his dirty vest which was too dirty even for the thief.

The story dearly highlights the fact that one should not be proud of oneself because whatever he has is a gift of God. Without his benign support you are nothing. The moment he realized this the Gods recalled the snake, who left without hurting him.

Quick Revision Notes

  • This is an interesting story. It is about a doctor’s encounter with a snake. 
  • The doctor lived in a small rented room full of rats. One night, he was reading a book. 
  • A kerosene lamp was burning on the table. There was also a large Mirror on the table. 
  • Suddenly something fell on the back of the chair. 
  • He turned to see what it was/He froze with fear when he saw that it was a big snake. 
  • The snake then coiled itself around the doctor’s left arm. The doctor prayed to God. 
  • Then the snake looked into the mirror on the table. 
  • Luckily, the snake liked its own image in the mirror. It wanted to have a closer look at its image. 
  • So, it uncoiled itself from the arm and came on the table. The doctor at once got and ran out of the room. 
  • He spent the night at the house of one of his friends. The next morning he came back to his room. 
  • He was shocked to find that during the night some thief had taken away everything from his room.
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Summary of My Childhood Class 9th Beehive

August 3, 2019, 4:35 am
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Summary and Explanation of My Childhood (Character Sketch and Quick Revision Notes)

Character Sketches from My Childhood

Kalam’s parents: Kalam’s parents, Jainulabdeen and Ashiarruna, were tall and good looking. Though they did not have abundant resources, both of them were very generous and fed a lot of outsiders along with their own family members. Practising the values of honesty and self-discipline, they led a simple life which did not have any place for inessential comforts or luxuries. However, Kalam’s father made sure that all basic necessities were provided for. He was very liberal and didn’t believe in thrusting his thoughts on his children. He had a secular approach and contributed fully during the celebration of Hindu festivals like Shri Sita Rama’s Kalyanam ceremony. Kalam’s mother was ideal support to her husband. She had faith in goodness and was a very kindhearted woman.

Abdul Kalam: A boy of ordinary looks, Abdul Kalam had many sterling qualities right from his childhood. He had immense affection and respect for his parents. He inherited the values of honesty and self-discipline from his father and faith in goodness and deep kindness from his mother. Kalam was an enterprising and a hard-working child. He collected tamarind seeds, when they were in demand, and sold them to earn small yet significant amounts. Very confident of himself, he did every piece of work assigned to him with full dedication. He helped his cousin to catch bundles from the running trains when the train-halt at Rameswaram was suspended during the Second World War. He was also a sensitive child and learnt valuable lessons from his experiences. He learnt early in life that caste-based segregation is a poison that must not be allowed to thrive. Kalam was also progressive and took the decision at the right time to leave his hometown to study further and grow in life.

Sivasubramania Iyer: An orthodox Brahmin, Sivasubramania Iyer, was Kalam’s science teacher in school. He was a very tolerant and broad-minded person. He was a rebel who wished to bring about a transformation in society and was mentally prepared to confront hindrances during this process. He faced challenges even from his own family when his wife refused to serve food to Kalam who had been invited by Iyer himself. But, without losing faith in his belief that caste and religion do not segregate people, he served the child himself. Thus, he reformed his wife not by force but by setting an example. Iyer was also a dedicated teacher who established a good rapport with his students. He encouraged and inspired them as he taught and spent long hours with them.

Summary of The Snake and the Mirror

Abdul Kalam was born in a middle class Muslim family in Rameshwaram. He had three brothers and one sister. His father was a generous and wise man. His mother was a hospitable lady. They lived in an ancestral house on Mosque Street. His father lived a simple life but provided all necessities to children. His parents were neither much educated nor rich. Yet were generous and kind. Many outsiders ate with the family every day. Kalam inherited the qualities of honesty and self - discipline from his parents.

Kalam was only 8 years old when the Second World War broke out in 1939. Then there was great demand for tamarind seeds. Abdul used to collect those seeds and sell them in the market His cousin Shamsuddin distributed newspapers and employed him as a helping hand. This way he earned his first wages. He inherited faith in goodness and kindness from his parents.

Kalam's family respected all religions. They took part in the Hindu festivals. His mother and grandmother told stories from the Ramayana and the life of the Prophet to the children at bed time. Kalam had three friends- Ramanandha Sastry, the son of a high priest of the Rameshwaram temple Aravindam and Sivaprakasan. They had different religious backgrounds and upbringing. They never felt any difference among themselves. They adopted different pmfessions when they grew up.

One day when Abdul was in 5th standard at the Rameshwaram Elementary School, a new teacher came to their class. He used to wear a cap, it set him apart as a Muslim Kalam always sat in the front row-next to Ramanandha Sastry, but the teacher could not tolerate a Hindu Priest's son sitting with a Muslim boy. Kalam was asked to sit on the back bench. Both the friends felt very sad and told their parents about the incident after school. Ramanandha's father called the teacher and told him not to spread the poison of communal hatred and social inequality in the minds of innocent children. He told the teacher to either apologize or leave the school and city. The teacher apologized and reformed himself.

Once Abdul's science teacher invited him to dinner at his home. His wife refused to serve Kalam dinner in her kitchen as she believed in religious segregation. The teacher himself served him food and sat beside him to eat his own meal His wife observed from behind the door and did not fund any change in Abdul's behaviour. After dinner, the teacher again invited him to join them next weekend. This time the wife served food inside the kitchen with her own hands. The second world war ended, Kalam asked his father to permit him to go to Ramanthapuram to study. His father knew that Kalam would have to go away to grow up and so he permitted him. He told his hesitant wife that they should give their children their love but not force their thoughts on them.

Quick Revision Notes

  • My Childhood” is an extract taken from the autobiographical book, ‘Wings of Fire’ by A.P.J.Abdul Kalam. Here Dr. Kalam who is one of the greatest scientists of India and also the 14th President of India gives an account of his childhood days. 
  • His journey from a middle-class family in Rameswaram to the President’s house has not been a soomth ride. He worked hard and faced all the challenges of life. 
  • This great scientist and the missile man of India was born in a middle class muslim family in 1931 in the island town of Rameswaram, Tamilnadu. 
  • In his childhood he was greatly influenced by his parents, his teachers and his friends. His father, Jainulabdeen, was not much educated but he was very generous and kind person. 
  • He was not rich but provided a secure childhood to Abdul and his brothers and sisters. Abdul inherited honesty and self discipline from his father and faith in goodness and deep kindness from his mother.
  • Kalam earned his first wages by working as a helping hand to his cousin, Samsuddin, who distributed newspapers in Rameswaram.
  • In his childhood he had three close friends- Ramanadha Sastry,Aravindam and Sivaprakashan. Once when he was in fifth standard, a new teacher asked him not to sit in the front row along with the high caste Brahmin boys. Abdul found Ramanadha Sastry weeping as he went to the last row. This made a lasting impression on Abdul.
  • Abdul was also greatly influenced by his science teacher, Sivasubramania Iyer. He learnt the lesson of breaking social barriers from him. Iyer invited him to his home for a meal.
  • His wife was an orthodox Brahmin who refused to serve food to a muslim boy in her so called ritually pure kitchen. 
  • Iyer served him with his own hand and sat down beside him to eat his meal. He convinced his wife to serve meal with her own hands and thus was successful in changing the conservative attitude of his wife.
  • For higher education he sought permission from his father to leave Rameswaram and study at the district headquartes in Ramanathapuram. 
  • He said, “Abdul! I know you have to go away to grow. Does the seagull not fly across the sun, alone and without a nest?” To his hesitant mother, quoting Khalil Gibran, he said, “Your children are not your children. 
  • They are the sons and daughters of Life’s longing for itself. They come through you but not from you. You may give them your love but not your thoughts. For they have their own thoughts.”
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Summary of Reach for the Top Part-I Class 9th Beehive

August 9, 2019, 12:42 am
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Summary and Explanation of Reach for the Top Part-I (Character Sketch and Quick Revision Notes)

Character Sketches from Reach for the Top Part-I

Santosh Yadav: Santosh Yadav is an officer in Indo-Tibetan Border Police. She has been portrayed as a firm-willed, decisive, courageous, adventurous girl endowed with a rational mind and physical and mental toughness. She born in a small village of Haryana. She had an independent temperament right from the beginning and wished to live life on her own terms. She knew full well that her conservative family would pressurize her to adhere to the traditional way of life. But at the same time she was aware that if she chose a correct and a rational path, she would be able to change others and win their support.

Santosh Yadav's Parents: Santosh Yadav’s parents were affluent but orthodox, conservative landlords. They liked to live according to the prevailing customs in the family. However, whenever they tried to make Santosh toe the line set by traditions and the girl offered resistance, they yielded because they loved her from the core of their hearts, and knew that she had chosen a correct and a rational path. Thus, Santosh kept on getting support from her parents, which in the long run helped her reach the zenith of glory.

Summary of The Snake and the Mirror

Santosh Yadav was born in 1969 in a traditional family of Rewari Distric (Joniyawas) of Haryana state in India and is an officer in Indo-Tibetan Border Police. She is the only women in the world to have climbed Mount Everest twice.

She first climbed the peak in May 1992 and then did it again in May 1993. She had five brothers, was a bit of a rebel right from the beginning and defied conventions. She neither liked to wear traditional dresses nor followed the traditional course of life. Again, rather than succumbing to parental pressure to go married early, she insisted on pursuing her studies. Her parents had to give in to her desire to study at a high school in Delhi. She is an alumni of Maharani College, Jaipur.

Living in Kasturba Hostel she joined Uttarkashi's Nehru Institute of Mountaineering. In her own words, the hostel was facing the Aravallis‘. I used to watch villagers from my room going up. But after a while they used to disappear. One day, I decided to check up myself. There was nobody but a few mountaineers. I asked them if I could join. Their surprising affirmative answer motivated me to take to climbing. I
saved money and enrolled for a course at Uttarkashi's Nehru Institute of Mountaineering. While studying, she prepared herself to climb two greatest peak in life namely, mountaineering and Indian Civil Services and was successful in both.

Her climbing skills matured rapidly‘. Also, she developed a remarkable resistance to cold and the altitude. The culmination of her hard work and sincerity came in 1992. At barely twenty years of age, Santosh Yadav conquered Mt. Everest, becoming the youngest woman in the world to achieve the feat. If her climbing skills, physical fitness, and mental strength impressed her seniors, her concern for others and desire to work together with them found her a special place in the hearts of fellow climbers. During the 1992 Everest mission, Santosh Yadav provided special care to a climber who lay dying at the South Col. She was unfortunately unsuccessful in saving him. However, she managed to
save another climber, Mohan Singh, who would have met with the same fate had she not shared her oxygen with him.

Within twelve months, Santosh found herself a member of an Indo-Nepalese Women‘s Expedition that invited her to join them. She then conquered the Everest a second time. She was given a Padmashri‘ Award. She is also a fervent environmentalist, Santosh collected and brought down 500 kilograms of garbage from the Himalayas.

Quick Revision Notes

  • Santosh Yadav is one of the few women in the world to have climbed the Mount Everest twice.
  • She first climbed the peak in May 1992 and then did it again in May 1993.
  • She was born in 1969 in Rewari District of Haryana state in India and is an officer in Indo-Tibetan Border Police.
  • She is an alumnus of Maharani College, Jaipur.
  • Living in Kasturba Hostel, she joined Uttarkashi’s Nehru Institute of Mountaineering.
  • While studying, she prepared herself to climb two greatest peaks in life namely, mountaineering and Indian Civil Services and was successful in both.
  • She prepared for her IAS exams in a hostel provided by Indian Mountaineering Federation at Connaught Place, New Delhi. Her brother is an officer in the Indian Army. She was also conferred Padma Shri award in 2000.
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Summary of माता का आँचल

August 10, 2019, 2:49 pm
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Summary of माता का आँचल (Mata Ka Aanchal) Class 10th Kritika Notes

'माता का आँचल' पाठ शिवपूजन सहाय द्वारा लिखा गया है जिसमें लेखक ने माँ के साथ एक अद्भुत लगाव को दर्शाया है| इस पाठ में ग्राम संस्कृति का चित्रण किया गया है|

कथाकार का नाम तारकेश्वर था। पिता अपने साथ ही उसे सुलाते, सुबह उठाते और नहलाते थे। वे पूजा के समय उसे अपने पास बिठाकर शंकर जी जैसा तिलक लगाते जो लेखक को ख़ुशी देती थी| पूजा के बाद पिता जी उसे कंधे पर बिठाकर गंगा में मछलियों को दाना खिलाने के लिए ले जाते थे और रामनाम लिखी पर्चियों में लिपटीं आटे की गोलियाँ गंगा में डालकर लौटते हुए उसे रास्ते में पड़ने वाले पेड़ों की डालों पर झुलाते। घर आकर बाबूजी उन्हें चौके पर बिठाकर अपने हाथों से खाना खिलाया करते थे। मना करने पर उनकी माँ बड़े प्यार से तोता, मैना, कबूतर, हँस, मोर आदि के बनावटी नाम से टुकड़े बनाकर उन्हें खिलाती थीं।

खाना खाकर बाहर जाते हुए माँ उसे झपटकर पकड़ लेती थीं और रोते रहने के बाद भी बालों में तेल डाल कंघी कर देतीं। कुरता-टोपी पहनाकर चोटी गूँथकर फूलदार लट्टू लगा देती थीं।लेखक रोते-रोते बाबूजी की गोद में बाहर आते। बाहर आते ही वे बालकों के झुंड के साथ मौज-मस्ती में डूब जाते थे। वे चबूतरे पर बैठकर तमाशे और नाटक किया करते थे। मिठाइयों की दुकान लगाया करते थे। घरौंदे के खेल में खाने वालों की पंक्ति में आखिरी में चुपके से बैठ जाने पर जब लोगों को खाने से पहले ही उठा दिया जाता, तो वे पूछते कि भोजन फिर कब मिलेगा। किसी दूल्हे के आगे चलती पालकी देखते ही जोर-जोर से चिल्लाने लगते।

एक बार रास्ते में आते हुए लड़को की टोली ने मूसन तिवारी को बुढ़वा बेईमान कहकर चिढ़ा दिया। मूसन तिवारी ने उनको खूब खदेड़ा। जब वे लोग भाग गए तो मूसन तिवारी पाठशाला पहुँच गए। अध्यापक ने लेखक की खूब पिटाई की। यह सुनकर पिताजी पाठशाला दौड़े आए। अध्यापक से विनती कर पिताजी उन्हें घर ले आए। फिर वे रोना-धोना भुलकर अपनी मित्र मंडली के साथ हो गए।

मित्र मंडली के साथ मिलकर लेखक खेतों में चिड़ियों को पकड़ने की कोशिश करने लगे। चिड़ियों के उड़ जाने पर जब एक टीले पर आगे बढ़कर चूहे के बिल में उसने आस-पास का भरा पानी डाला, तो उसमें से एक साँप निकल आया। डर के मारे लुढ़ककर गिरते-पड़ते हुए लेखक लहूलुहान स्थिति में जब घर पहुँचे तो सामने पिता बैठे थे परन्तु पिता के साथ ज्यादा वक़्त बिताने के बावजूद लेखक को अंदर जाकर माँ से लिपटने में अधिक सुरक्षा महसूस हुई। माँ ने घबराते हुए आँचल से उसकी धूल साफ़ की और हल्दी लगाई।

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ -

• मृदंग - एक प्रकार का वाद्य-यंत्र
• तड़के - सुबह
• लिलार – ललाट, माथा
• त्रिपुंड - एक प्रकार का तिलक जिसमें माथे पर तीन आड़ी या अर्धचंद्र के आकार की रेखाएँ बनाई जाती हैं
• जटाएँ - बाल
• भभूत - राख
• विराजमान - स्थापित,
• उतान - पीठ के बल लेटना
• सामकर - मिलाकर
• अफ़र जाते – भरपेट खा लेते
• ठौर – स्थान
• कड़वा तेल – सरसों का तेल
• बोथकर – सराबोर कर देना
• चंदोआ - छोटा शमियाना
• ज्योनार – भोज, दावत
• जीमने – भोजन करना
• कनस्तर – टीन का एक बर्तन
• ओहार - परदे के लिए डाला हुआ कपड़ा
• अमोले - आम का उगता हुआ पौधा
• कसोरे - मिट्टी का बना छिछला कटोरा
• रहरी- अरहर
• अँठई - कुत्ते के शरीर में चिपके रहने वाले छोटे कीड़े
• चिरौरी – विनती
• मइयाँ - माँ
• महतारी – माँ
• अमनिया – शुद्ध
• ओसारे में – बरामदे में

NCERT Solutions of माता का आँचल

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Summary of Reach for the Top Part-II Class 9th Beehive

August 11, 2019, 10:59 am
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Summary and Explanation of Reach for the Top Part-II (Character Sketch and Quick Revision Notes)

Character Sketches from Reach for the Top Part-II

Maria Sharapova: Maria Sharapova is among the most renowned woman tennis stars of all times who is equally admired for her game and for her attractive looks. Right from her childhood, Maria was calmer, more composed, more confident and more tolerant than other children of her age. She had immense will-power and tenacity that gave her the strength to make sacrifices few people can make. Maria has always been motivated by her spirit of competitiveness and she has always toiled hard to achieve her goals. Maria is also a true patriot.

Yuri and Yelena Sharapova: Yuri and Yelena Sharapova are Maria Sharapova’s father and mother respectively. Their contribution to maria ‘s success is immense and cannot be measured in words. They identified their daughter’s potential at a very young age and decided to get her world-class training in the U.S. They knew well that it was going to be expensive and difficult, still they extended their full support to their talented daughter. Yuri worked very hard to pay for Maria’s training and Yelena tolerated the heart-wrenching separation from her dear child for two years. As parents, they displayed unflinching faith in their child’s abilities which gave Maria the boost to keep going ahead and to keep countering the challenges that came her way.

Summary of The Snake and the Mirror

Maria Sharapova was born in Siberia, Russia, in 1987. This journey started with early training in her childhood and culminated in her becoming the number one in the world of tennis. She led a charge of Russian players who came to achieve great success in the women‘s game. She has also brought her own brand of glamour to tennis by designing her own unique tennis outfits. At the 2007 US Open she wore a dress with over 600 crystals sewn into it. Sharapova got her first tennis racket when she was four from the father of Grand Slam winner Yevgeny Kafelnikov. At the age of six, Maria attended a tennis clinic in Moscow run by Martina Navratilova. Navratilova recognized her talent and recommended that she go to the USA to study at a famous tennis academy in Florida.

Maria moved to the USA with her father in 1994. Neither of them could speak English. Apart from the pangs of separation from the mother, the child also suffered harassment from her inconsiderate fellow trainees, who were older in age. She had very little money and went to the tennis academy by bicycle every day. She described it as being a tough time. She turned professional in 2001 and a year later she bagged the women‘s singles crown at Wimbledon in 2004 and became the number one youngest girl ever to reach the final junior tennis player at Wimbledon in the world.

Sharapova won her first Grand Slam title at Wimbledon, when she was 17. She is one of several top players who are known for loud on-court grunting. When reporters asked her about this in 2006, she told them to ―put your grunt-o- meters down…and just watch the match.

Hard work, dedication, and mental courage paved the way to success for Sharapova. Imbued with patriotic sentiments, she feels proud to be a Russian. Though grateful to the U.S. for bringing out the best in her, she would like to represent her own country Russia at the Olympics.

Although Maria is fond of fashion, singing, and dancing, she focuses all her attention on tennis. She considers tennis as both a business and a sport, which has poured riches in her life. However, her main aim is to shine as a tennis player. It is this aspiration that constantly governs her mind and motivates her for ceaseless efforts. Now, Sharapova has been the world‘s highest paid sportswoman and the women‘s number one several times.

Quick Revision Notes

  • Maria Sharapova was born in Siberia, Russia, in 1987. She led a charge of Russian players who came to achieve great success in the women’s game.
  • She has brought her own brand of glamour to tennis by designing her own unique tennis outfits.
  • At the 2007 US Open, she wore a dress with over 600 crystals sewn into it.
  • She got her first tennis racket when she was four from the father of Grand Slam winner Yevgeny Kafelnikov.
  • At the age of six, she attended a tennis clinic in Moscow run by Martina Navratilova, who recognized her talent and recommended that she should go to the USA to study at a famous tennis academy in Florida.
  • She moved to the USA with her father in 1994. Neither of them could speak English. They had very little money and went to the tennis academy by bicycle every day.
  • She turned professional in 2001 and a year later became the youngest girl ever to reach the junior final at Wimbledon.
  • She won her first Grand Slam title at Wimbledon when she was 17. She is one of several top players who are known for loud on-court grunting. She has been the world’s highest-paid sportswoman and the women’s number one several times.
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Summary of जॉर्ज पंचम की नाक Kritika Hindi Class 10th

August 11, 2019, 12:34 pm
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Summary of जॉर्ज पंचम की नाक (George Pancham ki Naak) Class 10th Kritika Notes

इंग्लैंड की रानी एलिजाबेथ द्वितीय अपने पति के साथ हिंदुस्तान पधारने वाली थी। देश की सारी अखबारें इस शाही दौरे की खबरों से भरी थीं। इस दौरे के लिए छोटी-से-छोटी बात पर भी सबकी निगाहें टिकी हुई थीं। रानी का दर्जी परेशान था कि हिन्दुस्तान, पाकिस्तान और नेपाल के दौरे पर रानी कब क्या पहनेंगी? उनका सेक्रेटरी और जासूस भी उनसे पहले ही दौरा करने वाले थे। फोटोग्राफरों की फौज तैयार हो रही थी। रानी की जन्मपत्री और प्रिंस फिलिप के कारनामों के अतिरिक्त अखबारों में उनके नौकरों, बावरचियों, खानसामों, अंगरक्षकों और कुत्तों की तसवीरें छापी गई थीं। दिल्ली में शाही सवारी के आगमन से धूम मची हुई थी। वहाँ की सदा धूल-मिट्टी से भरी रहने वाली सड़कें साफ़ हो गईं। इमारतों को सजाया गया, सँवारा गया।

एक बहुत बड़ी मुश्किल सामने आ गई थी। नई दिल्ली में जॉर्ज पंचम की मूर्ति की नाक नहीं थी। जॉर्ज पंचम की नाक के लिए किसी वक्त आंदोलन हुए थे। राजनीतिक पार्टियों ने प्रस्ताव पास किए थे। अखबारों के पन्ने रंग गए थे। बहस इस बात पर थी कि जॉर्ज पंचम की नाक रहने दी जाए या हटा दी जाए। इसके लिए हथियारबंद पहरेदार तैनात कर दिए गए थे| पर इंडिया गेट के सामने वाली जॉर्ज पंचम की मूर्ति की नाक अचानक गायब हो गई थी।


अब महारानी देश में आ रही थी और मूर्ति की नाक न हो, तो परेशानी होनी ही थी। देश की भलाई चाहने वालों की एक मीटिंग बुलाई गई जिसमें सभी इस बात से सहमत थे कि मूर्ति की नाक तो होनी ही चाहिए। यदि वह नाक न लगाई गई, तो देश की नाक भी नहीं बचेगी। उच्च स्तर पर सलाह-मशविरे से तय किया गया कि किसी मूर्तिकार से मूर्ति की नाक लगवा दी जाए। मूर्तिकार ने कहा कि नाक तो लग जाएगी, पर उसे पता होना चाहिए कि वह मूर्ति कहाँ बनी थी, कब बनी थी और इसके लिए पत्थर कहाँ से लाया गया था। पुरातत्व विभाग की फाइलों से भी कुछ पता नहीं चला। मूर्तिकार ने सुझाव दिया कि वह देश के हर पहाड़ पर जाएगा और वैसा ही पत्थर ढूँढ़कर लाएगा, जैसा मूर्ति में लगा था। मूर्तिकार हिंदुस्तान के सभी पहाड़ी प्रदेशों और पत्थरों की खानों के दौरे पर निकल गया परन्तु उसे वैसा पत्थर नहीं मिला। उसने पत्थर को विदेशी बता दिया|

मूर्तिकार ने सुझाव दिया कि देश में नेताओं की अनेक मूर्तियाँ लगी है। यदि उनमें से किसी एक की नाक लाट की मूर्ति पर लगा दी जाए, तो ठीक रहेगा। सभापति ने सभा में उपस्थित सभी लोगों की सहमति से ऐसा करने की आज्ञा दे दी| जॉर्ज पंचम की नाक का माप उसके पास था। वह दिल्ली से बम्बई, गुजरात, बंगाल, बिहार, उत्तर प्रदेश से होकर मद्रास, मैसूर, केरल आदि सभी प्रदेशों का दौरा करता हुआ पंजाब पहुँचा। उसने गोखले, तिलक, शिवाजी, गाँधीजी, सरदार पटेल, गुरुदेव, सुभाषचंद्र बोस, चन्द्रशेखर आजाद, बिस्मिल, मोतीलाल नेहरू, सत्यमूर्ति लाला लाजपतराय तथा भगतसिंह की लाटों को देखा-परखा, पूरे हिन्दुस्तान की परिक्रमा कर आया, पर उसे जॉर्ज पंचम की नाक का सही माप कहीं नहीं मिला, क्योंकि जॉर्ज पंचम की नाक से सब बड़ी निकली।

मूर्तिकार ने अपनी नई योजना पेश करते हुए कहा की देश की चालीस करोड जनता में से किसी की जिंदा नाक काटकर मूर्ति पर लगा देनी चाहिए। यह सुनकर सभापति परेशान हुआ, पर मूर्तिकार को इसकी इजाजत दे दी गई। अखबारों में केवल इतना छपा कि नाक का मसला हल हो गया है और इंडिया गेट के पास वाली जॉर्ज पंचम की लाट के नाक लग रही है। नाक लगने से पहले फिर हथियारबंद पहरेदारों की तैनाती हुई। मूर्ति के आसपास का तालाब सुखाकर साफ़ किया गया। उसकी रवाब निकाली गई और ताजा पानी डाला गया, ताकि लगाई जाने वाली जिंदा नाक सूख न जाए।

थोड़े दिनों बाद अखबारों में छप गया कि जॉर्ज पंचम के जिंदा नाक लगाई गई है जो बिलकुल पत्थर की नहीं लगती। उस दिन अखबारों में किसी प्रकार के उद्धघाटन या सार्वजनिक सभा की खबर नहीं छपी थी| किसी का ताजा चित्र नहीं छपा। सभी अखबार खाली थे|

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ

• मय - के साथ
• तूफानी दौरा - जल्दबाजी में किया गया भ्रमण
• बेसाख्ता - स्वाभाविक रूप से
• खुदा की रहमत - ईश्वर की दया
• काया पलट - पूरी तरह से परिवर्तन
• नाज़नीनों - सुंदर स्त्री
• दास्तान - कहानी
• लाट - मूर्ति
• खेरख्वाहों - भलाई चाहने वाले
• हुक्कामों - स्वामियों
• ताका - देखा
• खता - गलती
• दारोमदार - कार्यभार
• किस्म - प्रकार
• बदहवासी - परेशानी
• हैरतअंगेज ख्याल - आश्चर्यचकित करने वाला विचार
• कानाफूसी - धीमे स्वर में बातचीत
• हिदायत - सलाह, सावधानी।

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Summary of साना-साना हाथ जोड़ी... Kritika Hindi Class 10th

August 12, 2019, 11:11 am
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Summary of साना-साना हाथ जोड़ी... (Sana Sana Hath Jodi...) Class 10th Kritika Notes

यह पाठ मधु कांकरिया द्वारा लिखा एक यात्रा वृत्तांत है जिसमें लेखिका ने सिक्किम की राजधानी गैंगटॉक और उसके आगे हिमालय की यात्रा का वर्णन किया है जो शहरों की भागमभाग भरी ज़िं दगी से दूर है| लेखिका गैंगटॉक को मेहनती बादशाहों का शहर बताती हैं क्योंकि वहाँ के सभी लोग बड़े ही मेहनती हैं। वहाँ तारों से भरे आसमान में लेखिका को सम्मोहन महसूस होता है जिसमें वह खो जाती हैं। वह नेपाली युवती द्वारा बताई गई प्रार्थना ‘मेरा सारा जीवन अच्छाइयों को समर्पित हो’ को गाती हैं|

अगले दिन मौसम साफ न होने के कारण लेखिका कंचनजंघा की चोटी तो नहीं देख सकी, परंतु ढेरों खिले फूल देखकर खुश हो जाती हैं। वह उसी दिन गैंगटाॅक से 149 किलोमीटर दूर यूमथांग देखने अपनी सहयात्री मणि और गाइड जितेन नार्गे के साथ रवाना होती हैं। गंगटोक से यूमथांग को निकलते ही लेखिका को एक कतार में लगी सफेद-सफेद बौद्ध पताकाएँ दिखाई देती हैं जो ध्वज की तरह फहरा रही थीं। ये शान्ति और अहिंसा की प्रतीक थीं और उन पताकाओं पर मंत्र लिखे हुए थे। लेखिका के गाइड ने उन्हें बताया कि जब किसी बौद्ध मतावलम्बी की मृत्यु होती है तो उसकी आत्मा की शांति के लिए शहर से दूर किसी भी पवित्र स्थान पर एक सौ आठ श्वेत पताकाएँ फहरा दी जाती हैं। इन्हें उतारा नहीं जाता है, ये खुद नष्ट हो जाती हैं। कई बार नए शुभ कार्य की शुरुआत में भी रंगीन पताकाएँ फहरा दी जाती हैं। जितेन ने बताया कि कवी-लोंग स्टॉक नामक स्थान पर 'गाइड' फ़िल्म की शूटिंग हुई थी। आगे चलकर मधु जी को एक कुटिया के भीतर घूमता हुआ चक्र दिखाई दिया जिसे धर्म चक्र या प्रेयर व्हील कहा जाता है। नार्गे ने बताया कि इसे घुमाने से सारे पाप धुल जाते हैं। जैसे-जैसे वे लोग ऊँचाई की ओर बढ़ने लगे, वैसे-वैसे बाजार, लोग और बस्तियाँ आँखों से ओझल होने लगी। घाटियों में देखने पर सबकुछ धुंधला दिखाई दे रहा था। उन्हें हिमालय पल-पल परिवर्तित होते महसूस होता है| वह विशाल लगने लगता है|

'सेवन सिस्टर्स वॉटर फॉल' पर जीप रुकती है। सभी लोग वहाँ की सुंदरता को कैमरे में कैद करने लग जाते हैं| झरने का पानी में लेखिका को ऐसा लग रहा था जैसे वह उनके अंदर की सारी बुराईयाँ और दुष्टता को भाकर ले जा रहा हो| रास्ते में प्राकृतिक दृश्य पलपल अपना रंग ऐसे बदल रहे थे जैसे कोई जादू की छड़ी घुमाकर सबकुछ बदल रहा था। थोड़ी देर के लिए जीप 'थिंक ग्रीन' लिखे शब्दों के पास रुकी। वहाँ सभी कुछ एक साथ सामने था। लगातार बहते झरने थे, नीचे पूरे वेग से बह रही तिस्ता नदी थी, सामने धुंध थी, ऊपर आसमान में बादल थे और धीरेधीरे हवा चल रही थी, जो आस-पास के वातावरण में खिले फूलों की हँसी चारों ओर बिखेर रही थी। कुछ औरतों की पीठ पर बँधी टोकरियों में बच्चे थे। इतने सुंदर वातावरण में भूख, गरीबी और मौत के निर्मम दृश्य ने लेखिका को सहमा दिया। एक कर्मचारी ने बताया कि ये पहाडिनें पहाड़ी रास्ते को चौड़ा बना रही हैं। कई बार काम करते समय किसी-न-किसी व्यक्ति की मौत हो जाती है क्योंकि जब पहाड़ों को डायनामाइट से उड़ाया जाता है तो उनके टुकड़े इधर-उधर गिरते हैं। यदि उस समय सावधानी न बरती जाए, तो जानलेवा हादसा घट जाता है। लेखिका को लगता है कि सभी जगह आम जीवन की कहानी एक-सी है।

आगे चलने पर रास्ते में बहुत सारे पहाड़ी स्कूली बच्चे मिलते हैं। जितेन बताता है कि ये बच्चे तीन-साढ़े तीन किलोमीटर की पहाड़ी चढ़ाई चढ़कर स्कूल जाते हैं। ये बच्चे स्कूल से लौटकर अपनी माँ के साथ काम करते हैं। यहाँ का जीवन बहुत कठोर है। जैसे-जैसे ऊँचाई बढ़ती जा रही थी, वैसे-वैसे खतरे भी बढ़ते जा रहे थे। रास्ता तंग होता जा रहा था। सरकार की 'गाड़ी धीरे चलाएँ' की चेतावनियों के बोर्ड लगे थे। शाम के समय जीप चाय बागानों में से गुजर रही थी। बागानों में कुछ युवतियाँ सिक्किमी परिधान पहने चाय की पत्तियाँ तोड़ रही थीं। चारों ओर इंद्रधनुषी रंग छटा बिखेर रहे थे। यूमथांग पहुंचने से पहले वे लोग लायुंग रुके। लायुंग में लकड़ी से बने छोटे-छोटे घर थे। लेखिका सफ़र की थकान उतारने के लिए तिस्ता नदी के किनारे फैले पत्थरों पर बैठ गई। रात होने पर जितेन के साथ अन्य साथियों ने नाच-गाना शुरू कर दिया था। लेखिका की सहयात्री मणि ने बहुत सुंदर नृत्य किया। लायुंग में अधिकतर लोगों की जीविका का साधन पहाड़ी आलू, धान की खेती और शराब था। लेखिका को वहाँ बर्फ़ देखने की इच्छा थी परंतु वहाँ बर्फ कहीं भी नहीं थी|

एक स्थानीय युवक के अनुसार प्रदूषण के कारण यहाँ स्नोफॉल कम हो गया था। 'कटाओ' में बर्फ़ देखने को मिल सकती है। कटाओ' को भारत का स्विट्जरलैंड कहा जाता है। मणि जिसने स्विट्ज़रलैंड घुमा था ने कहा कि यह स्विट्जरलैंड से भी सुंदर है। कटाओ को अभी तक टूरिस्ट स्पॉट नहीं बनाया गया था, इसलिए यह अब तक अपने प्राकृतिक स्वरूप में था। लायुंग से कटाओ का सफ़र दो घंटे का था। कटाओ का रास्ता खतरनाक था। जितेन अंदाज से गाड़ी चला रहा था। चारों ओर बर्फ से भरे पहाड़ थे। कटाओ पहुँचने पर हल्की -हल्की बर्फ पड़ने लगी थी। सभी सहयात्री वहाँ के वातावरण में फोटो खिंचवा रहे थे। लेखिका वहाँ के वातावरण को अपनी साँसों में समा लेना चाहती थी। उसे लग रहा था कि यहाँ के वातावरण ने ही ऋषियोंमुनियों को वेदों की रचना करने की प्रेरणा दी होगी। ऐसे असीम सौंदर्य को यदि कोई अपराधी भी देख ले, तो वह भी आध्यात्मिक हो जाएगा। मणि के मन में भी दार्शनिकता उभरने लगी थी। वे कहती हैं कि - प्रकृति अपने ढंग से सर्दियों में हमारे लिए पानी इकट्ठा करती है और गर्मियों में ये बर्फ शिलाएँ पिघलकर जलधारा बनकर हम लोगों की प्यास को शांत करती हैं। प्रकृति का यह जल संचय अद्भुत है। इस प्रकार नदियों और हिमशिखरों का हम पर ऋण है।

थोड़ा आगे जाने पर फ़ौजी छावनियाँ दिखाई दी चूँकि यह बॉर्डर एरिया था और थोड़ी ही दूर पर चीन की सीमा थी। लेखिका फ़ौजियों को देखकर उदास हो गई। वैशाख के महीने में भी वहाँ बहुत ठंड थी। वे लोग पौष और माघ की ठंड में किस तरह रहते होंगे? वहाँ जाने का रास्ता भी बहुत खतरनाक था। कटाओं से यूमथांग की ओर जाते हुए प्रियुता और रूडोडेंड्रो ने फूलों की घाटी को भी देखा। यूमथांग कटाओ जैसा सुंदर नहीं था। जितेन ने रास्ते में बताया कि यहाँ पर बंदर का माँस भी खाया जाता है। बंदर का माँस खाने से कैंसर नहीं होता। यूमथांग वापस आकर उन लोगों को वहाँ सब फीका-फीका लग रहा था। पहले सिक्किम स्वतंत्र राज्य था। अब वह भारत का एक हिस्सा बन गया है। इससे वहाँ के लोग बहुत खुश हैं। 

मणि ने बताया कि पहाड़ी कुत्ते केवल चाँदनी रातों में भौंकते हैं। यह सुनकर लेखिका हैरान रह गई। उसे लगा कि पहाड़ी कुत्तों पर भी ज्वारभाटे की तरह पूर्णिमा की चाँदनी का प्रभाव पड़ता है। गुरुनानक के पदचिह्नों वाला एक ऐसा पत्थर दिखाया, जहाँ कभी उनकी थाली से चावल छिटककर बाहर गिर गए थे। खेदुम नाम का एक किलोमीटर का ऐसा क्षेत्र भी दिखाया, जहाँ देवी-देवताओं का निवास माना जाता है। नार्गे ने पहाड़ियों के पहाड़ों, नदियों, झरनों और वादियों के प्रति पूज्य भाव की भी जानकारी दी। भारतीय आर्मी के कप्तान शेखर दत्ता के सुझाव पर गैंगटाॅक के पर्यटक स्थल बनने और नए रास्तों के साथ नए स्थानों को खोजने के प्रयासों के बारे में भी बताया|

कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ -

• अतींद्रियता - इंद्रियों से परे
• उजास - प्रकाश
• राम रोछो - अच्छा है
• रकम-रकम - तरह-तरह के
• गहनतम - बहुत गहरी
• सघन - घनी
• शिद्दत - प्रबलता
• पताका - झंडा
• मुंडकी - सिर
• सुदीर्घ - बहुत बड़े
• अभिशप्त - शापित
• सरहद - सीमा
• तामसिकताएँ - कुटिल
• आदिमयुग - आदि युग
• अनंतता - असीमता
• वंचना - धोखा
• दुष्ट वासनाएँ - बुरी इच्छाएँ
• चैरवेति - चलते रहो
• वजूद - अस्तित्व
• वृत्ति - जीविका
• ठाठे - हाथ में पड़ने वाली गाँठे या निशान
• हलाहल - विष
• सतत - लगातार
• प्रवाहमान - गतिमान
• संक्रमण - मिलन
• चलायमान - चंचल
• निरपेक्ष - बेपरवाह
• गुडुप - निगल लिया
• अद्वितीय - अनुपम
• सात्विक आभा - निर्मल कांति
• सुरम्य - अत्यंत मनोहर
• मीआद - सीमा
• आबोहवा - जलवायु।


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प्रत्यय - हिंदी व्याकरण Class 9th

August 16, 2019, 6:34 am
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प्रत्यय - हिंदी व्याकरण Class 9th Course -'B'

प्रत्यय

जो शब्दांश किसी शब्द के अंत में लगकर उसके अर्थ में विशेषता लाते हैं, उन्हें प्रत्यय कहते हैं। जैसे - लिख + आवट = लिखावट

प्रत्यय के दो प्रकार हैं-
1. कृत् प्रत्यय
2. तध्दित प्रत्यय

कृत् प्रत्यय

क्रिया या धातु के अंत जुड़कर नया शब्द बनाने वाले प्रत्यय को 'कृत्' प्रत्यय कहते हैं। इन दोनों के मेल से बने शब्द को (कृत+अंत) 'कृदंत' कहते हैं।

कृत् प्रत्यय क्रिया कृदंत
वाला पढ़नापढ़नेवाला
हारहोनाहोनहार
नादौड़दौड़ना
करजाजाकर
आवट सजसजावट

तध्दित प्रत्यय

जो प्रत्यय संज्ञा, सर्वनाम, विशेषण आदि के अंत में लगकर नए शब्द बनाते हैं, उन्हें तद्धित प्रत्यय कहते हैं। इनके योग से बने शब्दों को ‘तद्धितांत’ अथवा तद्धित शब्द कहते हैं।

तद्धित प्रत्यय शब्द तद्धितांत
तामानवमानवता
लुदयादयालु
ईनग्रामग्रामीण
वानधनधनवान
एरामामाममेरा
पनअपनाअपनापन
आसमिठामिठास
कारचित्रचित्रकार

पाठ्य-पुस्तक 'स्पर्श-I' में प्रयुक्त प्रत्यय वाले शब्द

दुःख का अधिकार

• दुखी = दुख + ई
• द्रवित = द्रव + इत
• बुढ़िया = बूढ़ा + इया
• निचली = नीचे + ली
• तरावट = तर + आवट

एवरेस्ट: मेरी शिखर यात्रा

• हवाई = हवा + ई
• अग्रिम = अग्र + इम
• महत्वपूर्ण = महत्त्व + पूर्ण
• पहाड़ी = पहाड़ + ई
• कठिनतम = कठिन + तम
• गहरी = गहरा + ई
• ढलान = ढल + आन
• ज़ोरदार = ज़ोर + दार
• चिंतित = चिंता + इत
• नगरीय = नगर + ईय
• पर्वतीय = पर्वत + ईय
• दक्षिणी = दक्षिण + ई
• पूर्वी = पूर्व + ई
• भारतीय = भारत + ईय
• हवाई = हवा + ई
• फुसफुसाया = फुसफुस + आया
• शारीरिक = शरीर + इक
• चिह्नित = चिह्न + इत
• रंगीन =रंग + ईन
• ढलाऊ = ढल + आऊ
• दृश्यता = दृश्य + ता
• निश्चित = निश्चय + इत
• प्रोत्साहित = प्रोत्साहन + इत
• सख्ती = सख्त + ई
• पहाड़ी = पहाड़ + ई
• साहसिक = साहस + इक
• महत्वपूर्ण = महत्व + पूर्ण

तुम कब जाओगे अतिथि

• नम्रता = नम्र + ता
• अंकित = अंक + इत
• अज्ञात = अ + ज्ञात
• आखिरी = आखिर + ई
• औपचारिक = उपचार + इक
• अकेलापन = अकेला + पन
• आर्थिक = अर्थ + इक
• गोलाकार = गोला + कार
• विदाई = विदा + ई
• सहनशीलता = सहनशील + ता
• देवता = देव + ता
• देवत्व = देव + त्व
• नम्रता = नम्र + ता
• रूपांतरित = रूपांतर = इत
• धुलकर = धुल + कर
• निजी = निज + ई
• मुस्कराहट = मुस्करा + हट
• महँगाई = महँगा + आई
• रिश्तेदारी = रिश्ते + दारी
• सम्मानपूर्ण = सम्मान + पूर्ण
• परिचित = परिचय + इत
• व्यक्तित्व = व्यक्ति + त्व
• रंगीन = रंग + ईन
• नौकरी = नौकर + ई
• प्रेमिका = प्रेम + इका
• मार्मिक = मर्म मर्म + इक
• शानदार = शान + दार
• फड़फड़ाती = फड़फड़ + आती

पाठ्य-पुस्तक 'संचयन-I' में प्रयुक्त प्रत्यय वाले शब्द

गिल्लू

• अपनापन = अपना + पन
• आवश्यक = अवश्य + अक
• उष्णता = उष्ण + ता
• कूदता = कूद + ता
• चमकीली = चमक + ईली
• बचपन = दूर + स्थ
• लगाव = बच्चा + पन
• वासंती = वसंत + ई
• सफाई = साफ़ + आई
• स्वर्णिम = स्वर्ण + इम
• आकर्षित = आकर्षण + इत
• उछलता = उछल + ता
• कठिनाई = कठिन + आई
• गरमी = गरम + ई
• ठंडक = ठंड + क
• फूलदान = फूल + दान 
• बैठना = बैठ + ना
• लौटकर = लौट + कर
• विस्मित = विस्मय + इत
• समझदारी = समझ + दारी
• हरीतिमा = हरित + इमा

स्मृति

• अगला = आगे + ला
• एकाग्रचित्तता = एकाग्रचित्त + ता
• क्रोधित = क्रोध + इत
• घटना = घट + ना
• चिट्ठियाँ = चिट्ठी + इयाँ
• तोड़कर = तोड़ + कर
• धुनाई = धुन + आई
• पतीली = पतीला + ई
• बढ़ाया = बढ़ + आया
• बुद्धिमत्ता = बुद्धिमत् + ता
• बोली = बोल + ई

• मज़बूती = मज़बूत + ई
• मोहनी = मोह + नी
• उठाई = उठ + आई
• क्रोधपूर्ण = क्रोध + पूर्ण
• गहराई = गहरा + आई
• घबराहट = घबरा + आहट
• ज़िम्मेदारी = ज़िम्मे + दारी
• थकावट = थक + आवट
• धोतियाँ = धोती + इयाँ
• बंधुत्व = बंधु + त्व
• बुढ़ापा = बूढ़ा + आपा
• बेड़ियाँ = बेड़ी + इयाँ
• भयंकरता = भयंकर + ता
• मूर्खता = मूर्ख + ता
• योग्यता = योग्य + ता
• रोज़ाना =  रोज़ + आना
• शिकारी = शिकार = ई
• सरकाया = सरक = आया

हामिद खाँ

• ईमानदारी = ईमान + दारी
• गुड़गुड़ाहट = गुड़गुड़ + आहट
• चपातियाँ = चपाती + इयाँ
• दढ़ियल = दाढ़ी + इयल
• ध्यानपूर्वक = ध्यान + पूर्वक
• पौराणिक = पुराण + इक
• मुस्कराहट = मुस्करा + आहट
• सच्चाई = सच्चा + आई
• कड़कड़ाती = कड़कड़ + आती
• गोलाकार = गोला + कार
• दक्षिणी = दक्षिण + ई
• दुकानदार = दुकान + दार 
• नियमित = नियम + इत
• बढ़िया = बढ़ + इया
• रक्षक = रक्षा + क
• सांप्रदायिक = संप्रदाय + इक

दिए जल उठे


• कठिनतम = कठिन + तम
• चौकीदार = चौकी + दार
• पारित = पार + इत
• मालवीय = मालव + ईय
• रियासतदार = रियासत + दार
• सत्याग्रही = सत्याग्रह + ई
• स्वाभाविक = स्वभाव + इक
• गिरफ़्तारी = गिरफ़्तार + ई
• दलदली = दलदल + ई
• मंडलियाँ = दलदल + इयाँ
• राक्षसी = राक्षस + ई
• रेतीली = रेत + ईली
• स्थगित = स्थगन + इत

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NCERT Notes for Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education Class 11 PhE

August 16, 2019, 1:15 pm
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NCERT Revision Notes for Chapter 1 Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education Class 11 Physical Education

Topics in the Chapter
  • Meaning of Physical Education
  • Aim and Objective of Physical Education
  • Changing trends in Physical Education


Meaning of Physical Education

• Physical Education is study regarding the development of physically, mentaly, emotionally and social fitness citizens through the medium of physical activities.

• It is an integral part of the total education process.

• According to Charles A Bucher, "physical education is an integral part of total education process and has its aim in the development of physically, mentally, emotionally and socially fit citizens through the medium of physical activities which have been selected with a view to realize these out comes.

• Physical education is the sum of changes in the individual caused by experience which can bring in motor activity.”

Aims and objectives of Physical Education:

• To make every child physically, mentally and emotionally fit

• To develop certain personal and social qualities in every child

• To make good and responsible citizens out of them

Changing trends in Physical Education

• Physical Education is has its roots in history. It has being taught from previous many years. In ancient time, man needed physical education to stay alive. 

• With Changing Civilization, meaning of physical education has been changing. 

• The real definition is not known to anyone. Physical education is much more than that in the present context, the effort of imparting education through physical activities as called physical education.

Career Option in Physical Education

Soft Skills

• ‘soft skills’ means skills which characterise relationships with other people, or which are about how you approach life and work.

• Others phrases that are often used for these types of skills include: ‘people skills’, “interpersonal skills’, ‘social skills’ or ‘transferable skills’.

(i) Communication Skills

• The skills used to communicate with others in decent ways are collectively known as communication skills. 

• People with strong communication skills can build relationships, listen well, and vary their communication to suit the circumstances.

• It is suggested, one should work on communication skills, to develop 

(ii) Making Decisions

Decision making is an important soft skill which is required at every stage of life. 

(iii) Self Motivation

• People who are self-motivated get on by themselves. 

• They don't need close supervision and they are good to work with because they are generally positive about life and can be counted upon to keep going. It also helps to work on your personal resilience and adaptability to change.

(iv) Leadership Skills

• The ability to lead is one of the best qualities one can have. 

• It is the quality to lead and motivate the group of people.  

• There are many leadership related courses available and much has been written about how to develop your leadership skills.
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NCERT Notes for Olympic Movements Class 11 PhE

August 17, 2019, 3:25 am
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NCERT Revision Notes for Chapter 2 Olympic Movements Class 11 Physical Education

Topics in the Chapter
  • Ancient  Olympics
  • Modern Olympics
  • Winter Olympics
  • Summer Olympics
  • Olympic symbols, ideals, objectives and values
  • International Olymopic Committee
  • Indian Olympic Association
  • Dronacharya Award, Arjuna Award and Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award
  • Organisational setup of CBSE sports and Chacha Nehru sports award

Ancient Olympic Games

• Many stories has been told regarding the origin of ancient games.

• The written record is found from 776 B.C.

• The games were held in the Honour of God Zeus.

• The word Olympics is derived from the Lord Olympia - a valley where first seen games were held.

Modern Olympic Games

• Modem Olympic Games started in 1896 with the efforts of Baron-Pierre de Coubertin of Francee, also known as the father of modern Olympics.

• The first Olympic games were held in Athens in 1896.

• Nine Countries Participated in first modern Olympic Games.

• Since then, the Olympic games are played after every four Years. Though games were interrupted thrice in between due to 2 world wars.

• Last Olympics were held in Rio, Brazil.

• 2020 Olympic games will be held in Tokyo.

Winter Olympic Games

• Winter Olympic Games is a major international sporting event that occurs once every four years.
In Winter Olympics, sports related with snow and ices are practiced. For example: Ice Hockey, Ski Jumping.

•The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, was held in Chamonix, France.

•The Games were held every four years from 1924 until 1936.

•Games were interrupted by World War II for four years.

•The Olympics Games resumed after world war  in 1948 was again held every four years.

• The Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years, but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four-year cycles in alternating even-numbered years.

• The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by eleven different countries.

• The Games have been held in the United States four times (1932; 1960, 1980, 2002); in France three times (1924, 1968, 1992); and in Austria (1964, 1976), Canada (1988, 2010), Japan (1972, 1998), hajv (1956, 2006).  Norway (1952, 1994), and Switzerland (1928, 1948) twice. Also, the Games have been held in Germany (1936), Yugoslavia (1984). and Russia (2014) once.
The IOC has selected Pveongchanu, South Korea, to host the 2018 Winter Olympics and Beijing, China, to host the 2022 Winter Olympics.

Summer Olympic Games

•The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad first held in 1896, is an international multi-sport event that is hosted by a different city every four years.

•The most recent Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro, BrazilThe International Olympic Committee organises the games and oversees the host city's preparations

•In each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals are awarded for second place, and bronze medals are awarded for third; this tradition began

•In 1904 The Winter Olympic Games were created due to the success of the Summer Olympics.

•Eighteen countries have hosted the Summer Olympics. The United States has hosted four Summer Olympics (1904. 1932, 1984, 1996), more than any other nation, and Great Britain has hosted three Summer Olympics (1908, 1948, 2012). al! in London.

•Four cities have hosted two Summer Olympics: Athens (1896. 2004), Paris (1900, 1924). Los Angeles (1932, 1984). and Tokyo (1964. 2020).

•Tokyo is the first Asian City to host the Summer Olympics multiple times.

Olympic Symbols

• This Olympic symbol was created and designed by Pierre-de-coubertin, the father of modern Olympics.

• Pierre-de-coubertin, created Olympic flag which is ofa milky white texture in the background with five interlinked rings of different colours.

• The rings symbolize the union of five continents-America, Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe.

• It Symbolizes meeting of the atheletes form all over the world (from these five continents) at Olympics.

• The five colours are Blue, Black, Red, Yellow & Green.

Olympic Motto

• Olympic motto is made from three Latin Words.
Citius - Faster
Altius -Higher
Fortius-Stronger

Objectives of Olympics

• To generate the sense of loyalty, brother hood and team spirit among the participants.

• To bring the attention of the world community to understand the values of the programmes of physical education.

• To Promote amateurism among the sport men

• To remove the barriers of caste, creed, religion and colour

• To develop good habits among sports persons

• To encourage moral values and unbiased behaviour through sports

Values through Olympics


Olympic Ideal

• Olympic Games are remembered for the Bishop Pennsylvania’s famous sermon “The most important thing in Olympic is not to win but to take part. The important thing in life is not to triumph to struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well.”

• It means participation is more important than winning. It is about the fighting spirit. 

International Olympic Committee (IOC)

• The International Olympic Committee was constituted for proper organization of Olympic Games. 

• One representative was included in this committee from each country.

• The headquarters of this committee is situated in Switzerland. 

• Five executive members of this committee decide the venue and time for Olympic Games.

Indian Olympic Association (IOA)

• Indian Olympic Association was formed in 1927. 

• Mr. Dorabji Tata was its first president and Dr. D.B. noehren, secretary and Sh. G.D. Sondhi as Astt. secretory. 

• IOA has affiliation from  International Olympic Committee. Composition of Indian Olympic Association Election of Indian Olympic Association are held in four year at the annual meeting of the General Assembly to elect the council members. These members are President, Vice President, Secretary General, Treasurer and Executive Members

Sports Awards

• To promote sports, certain sports awards have been given by Government of India. They are for sportsman as well as for coaches. 

Dronacharya Award


• Dronacharya award is given to those coaches and trainers whose players have performed well at international level. 

• Dronacharya awards has been given from 1985. 

• It is given to famous coaches whose teams and players have shown good performance at International level consecutively for three years. 

• This award consist of  statue of Dronacharya, scroll of honour and cash prize of 5 lakhs.

Arjuna Award
• Arjuna award is one of the top level award given to sports personality given by Government of India. 

• It is awarded to sports man by the Government of India. 

• This award is given to such sport person during that year, who has been giving extraordinary performance during the past three year. This awarded was started in 1961. 

• It is given in the memory of Arjuna of Mahabharata, the great Archer. These sports award carry
a) Bronze Statue of Arjuna
b) A Certificate
c) Cash of Rs. 5 Lakhs 

Rajeev Gandhi Khel Ratna Award

• This award is presented for the most outstanding performance in the field of sport and games in a year which begins from 1st April to 31st March. It is given to sportsmen. 

• This award is presented to one sports person from individual sports, but it can be given to more than one person. 

• The award consists of a medal and cash award of Rs. 7.5 lakhs.

CBSE Sports and its Organisational Setup

• CBSE Organizes its sports and games at cluster level Zonal level and National level in various categories and sports annually as per their calendar. 

• This is for CBSE affiliated Schools. In other words, it is for interschool sports event for CBSE Schools. 

• The sports and games are organised under the general directions of the CBSE. 

• CBSE formulates polices and rules for smooth conduct of this event.

Chacha Nehru Sports Award

• CBSE wish to apprise you that the Central CBSE Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has started Chacha Nehru Sports Scholarships for Sports Talents.

• There are 50 scholarships each year at the rate of Rs.500/- per month to all identified sports talents in class IX-XI based on the performance at national level in various disciplines of CBSE Inter School Sports and Games. 

• The aims and objectives of introduction of Chacha Nehru sports award is to identify, recognise, nurture and develop the extraordinary talent among the students studying in class VIII onwards in sports and games and students also know the importance of physical education and sports.
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NCERT Notes for Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle Class 11 PhE

August 20, 2019, 2:25 am
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NCERT Revision Notes for Chapter 3 Physical Fitness, Wellness And Lifestyle Class 11 Physical Education

Topics in the Chapter
  • Ancient  Olympics
  • Modern Olympics
  • Winter Olympics
  • Summer Olympics
  • Olympic symbols, ideals, objectives and values
  • International Olymopic Committee
  • Indian Olympic Association
  • Dronacharya Award, Arjuna Award and Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award
  • Organisational setup of CBSE sports and Chacha Nehru sports award

Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle

• Meaning of physical fitness - Physical fitness means

- The capacity to do the routine work without any fatigue or exertion.

- After doing the work the person has power to do some more work and recovery is quicker.

• Wellness - Wellness is the capacity of an individual by which he leads a balanced life

• Life style - A way of life of style of living that reflects the attitude and values of a person of group Importance of Physical fitness, wellness and lifestyle

Importance of Physical Fitness

-Sharp Mind

-Improve Your Mind

-Make Bone Strong

-Boost Energy Strength and Stamina

-Keep Body Fat Off

-Enjoy life in better Way

Importance of Wellness

-Active Life

-Ability to combat day to day stress

-Healthy and Happy life

-Contribute to the human capital of the Nation

-More focused toward your Goal

-Improvised Citizen of the country

Importance of Healthy Lifestyle
-Improves abilities

-Enable yourself to cope up with stress

-Reduced Health related Issues

Components of Physical Fitness 

Components of Wellness

Preventing Health Lifestyle through Lifestyle Changes
-Sound and Complete Sleep
-Prevention from Injury
-Don’t smoke
-Limit TV Watching
-Maintaining Healthy Weight with proper diet 
-Healthy Eating habits
-Limiting amount of Alcohol Consumption
-Spend some time with environment
Components of Positive Lifestyle 
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NCERT Notes for Physical Education and Sports for Differentially Abled Class 11 PhE

August 20, 2019, 4:26 am
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NCERT Revision Notes for Chapter 4 Physical Education and Sports for Differentially Abled Class 11 Physical Education

Topics in the Chapter
  • Aims and objectives of adaptive physical education
  • Organisations promoting adaptive sports (Special Olympic Bharat, Paralympics, Deaflympics)
  • Concept of Inclusion, its need and implementation
  • Role of various professionals for children with special needs (counsellor, occupational therapist, physical education, physical education teacher, speech therapist and special education)

Aims and Objective of Adaptive Physical Education

• Meaning of Adaptive Physical Education: Adaptive Physical Educations is a modified program of games, sports and other development activities that is suited to the interest.

• The Adaptive physical Education is based according to Capacities and limitations of students and individuals with special needs.

• It is done for students with special needs so they can also enjoy the experience of sports and recreations.

• Students who are differently abled and require special service to be able to observe and realize their maximum potential.

Aims and Objectives

• Theams of Adaptive Physical Education is to ensure that every child with special needs is provided with services that meet his/her Unique need.

• Adaptive Physical Education aims to motivate each and every CWSN to participate in Physical Education related programs.

• Its aim is to develop gross motor skill of CWSN.

• It aims to enhance self-confidence of CWSN as well as to teach them social skills, control over their emotions and expression on the normal programs.

• Its aim to teach the rules and strategies of games and their application while playing.

Integrated Physical Education

• It is the knowledge of different sub topic and other utility, so that the students could be trained properly.

• The knowledge of integrated physical education will promote the fitness and willingness of the individuals.

• It will help in designing high quality programmers for targeted group of students.

Adaptive Physical Education

• There are many children who suffer from various types of disabilities like mental retardation, deafness, blindness, speech impairment etc.

• For such children and special programme may be organized, so that physical, musical cognitive, social and emotional abilities can be developed in them.

Principles

For successful implementation of adaptive physical education certain principles may be kept in mind such as medical examination interest and capacity of the students, appropriate equipment, proper environment, specific instructional strategies etc.

Special Olympic Bharat

• This organization prepares the progress with physical and mental disability for special Olympic.

• At national level, they are trained to participate in 24 single and team games by the sports authority of India.

• This organization was established in 2001 as per the act of 1982.

Para Olympics

• This is similar to Olympic game for disabled sports person.

• First time, it was organized in Rome in 1960.

• The head quarter of international para Olympic is situated at Bonn, Germany. The international para Olympic is responsible for organizing summer and winter Olympic games.

• At present it comprises of 176 National Para Olympic Committees.

Deaflympics

• The ‘Deaflympics’ are games for deaf atheletes.

• Its earlier name was International games for the Deaf.

• These games are organised by “The Internatinoal committee of sports for the Deaf” since the first event and they are sanctioned by Internation Olympic commttee.

• The deaf olympion are not guided by sounds for example, the starter gun, bullhorn commands or refree whistles.

• The Deaflympics were held first time in  paris in 1924. It was the first ever international sporting events for athletes with disability.

• The Deaflympic wintergames Started in 1949.  Then it was gathering of 148 atheltes. Now these games are grown into a global movement.

• To qualify for the games, athletes must have a hearing loss of at least 55db in their “better ear”.

• Hearing aids, cochlear implant and the leke are not allowed to be used in competition.

• Alternative methods are used to address the athletes. For example the football referees wave a flag instead of blowing a whistle, on the track races are started by using a light, instead of using a starting pistol.

Illustrative Concept of Integrated Physical Education

• A new concept has been introduced in field of Physical Education-Integrated Physical Educations using physical activities and games to teach others subjects.

• From Research and studies, it has been concluded that two or more subject at areas can stimulate the interest of students and hence promote the learning of each subject.

• Integrated Physical education is addition to the general concept of Physical Education. Integrated Physical education is more than sports and Physical Activities. Integrated physical education lays emphasis on multidisciplinary learning.

• Various sub displaces such as sports sociology, sports Biomechanics, Sports medicine, sports pedagogy, Exercise Physiology, Sports Psychology, Sports Philosophy and sports management, etc. has been included in Integrated Physical Education.

Advantages of Integrated Physical Education

• Integrated physical education provides opportunities for students to see new relationships between different aspects and build a complete package of learning.

• Students can achieve next level of learning and reinforce this in various innovative ways.

• This knowledge of integrated physical education would be able to help in the fitness, health and wellness of all individuals in better way.

• High quality physical education programmers can be prepared with the help of integrated physical education.

Concept of Inclusion

• Inclusion is a social concept which basically means to include everyone as normal member of society by mutual cooperation. 

• The concept is often confused with building a community of certain class, for example differently abled people. The concept is quite different from it. 

• Inclusion is not a strategy to help people fit into the systems and structures which exist in our societies; It is about transforming those systems and structures to make it better for everyone. Inclusion is about creating a better world for everyone.

Need of Inclusion

• Inclusion in physical education helps the students with disabilities to increase their social skills and improvise them. 

• A child feels that he/she also belongs to the entire group of class so a feeling of belongingness is developed.

• Inclusion helps a child to increase his/her motor skills and lead a normal life. 

Inclusion Implementation

• Parents, students and teachers all need to work together to implement the idea of inclusion in society.

• One should have knowledge of inclusive practices and strategies. With the knowledge, teachers can manage, classrooms that encourage learning and discovery among all students, regardless of physical abilities.

• Inclusion also requires specially trained staff. Since classroom teachers need training and ongoing support to effectively teach many types of learners, they must meet regularly with inclusion specialists.

• School principals and all teachers must cooperate and share the message that all staff members. It should not be the duty of only specialized teachers but every teacher. 

School Counselor

Special education counselors work with special need children in elementary school, middle schools and high schools to ensure they have the support services they need in order to achieve their highest potential in the areas of academics, personal and social and career development.

Occupational Therapist

The goods of occupational therapy for a child are to improve participation and performance of a child and all the child’s “occupation” like self-care, play, school and other daily activities.
The occupational therapist well assess the child and modify the environment, or the way of doing a task to promote a better participation and independence.

Physical Education Teacher

Physical education program plays a very progressive role in imporving congitive functions and academic performance. Social skills and collaborative team work can also be enhanced through the different programs of physical education. The physical education teacher helps in executing these programs.

Physiotherapist

Physiotherapist is the best known therapist  who work with children with special needs. They use exercises to help their patients and keep the best possible use of their bodies. They also try to improve breathing to prevent the development of deformities and to slowdown the detoriation caused by some progressive diseases.
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NCERT Notes for Yoga Class 11 PhE

August 20, 2019, 10:58 pm
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NCERT Revision Notes for Chapter 5 Yoga Class 11 Physical Education

Topics in the Chapter
  • Meaning and importance of Yoga
  • Elements of Yoga
  • Introduction of of asanas, Pranayama, Dhyana & Yogic Kriyas Asanas related to meditation - Sukhasana, Tadasana, Padmasana and Shanshakasana
  • Relaxation techniques to improve concentration -Yog Nidra

Meaning of Yoga

• Yoga is word derived form a Sanskrit word "Yuj'  meaning to join or union. Yoga is defined as joining the individual self with the divine or universal spirit.

• It is a science of development of man's Consciousness.

• Yoga is ancient Indian Practice. The definition of Yoga given according to the different ancient Philosophers are given as under:
→ Patanjali - “Checking the impulse of mind is yoga”
→ Maharishi Ved Vyas - “Yoga is attaining the pose”’
→ Lord Krishna (as quoted in Bhagwat Gita), “Skill in action or efficiency alone is yoga.”

Importance of Yoga


Elements of Yoga

The main aim of yoga is to control over the mind. This is Possible only follow to eight fold Paths or eight steps also know as "Ashtang Yoga”. This system was Develop by Maharashi Patanjali.

Introduction to Asanas, Pranayam, meditation & yogic Kriyas

• Asana: According to Patanjali Means "Sthiram Sukham Asanam" i.e. that possible which is comfortable and steady."

• Pranayama: The word Pranayama is comprised of two words "Prana Plus Ayama" Prana means life force and Ayama means control. In this way pranayama means "The control or regulation of Prana". 

• Meditation: Meditation or Dhyana is a process of Complete Constancy of Mind. It is a prior stage of samadhi.

• Yogic Kriya/Shudhi Kriya: Yogic Kriya Cleansing techniques that cleanses Various internal as well as external organs of the body. There are six yogic kriyas also known as “Shatkarmas”.


Body Related Benefits of Asanas and Pranayams

• Improve Concentration Power
• Reduce Fatigue
• Improve Function Heart and digestive System
• Improve Breathing System
• Increase Flexibility
• Correct Body Posture
• Rehabilation of Injuries
• Activate All Body System
• Improve Overall Health

Yoga for Concentration and Related Asanas

→ Yoga works on changing our internal make-up.

→ According to a recent study conducted at the university of Ellinois at Urbana, Champaign, practicing 

→ Yoga daily for 20 minutes can improve brain function and actually focus better on daily task at hand.

→ Yoga helps to improve concentration and focus by calming the mind and getting rid of distracting thoughts.  

→ Here are 5 eassiest effective Yoga asanas you need to try to boost concept rating and jump start your brain. 

• Tadasana (Mountain posa)
• Vrikshasana (Trace pose)
• Savasana (Corpse pose)
• Padmasana (Lotus pose)
• Bhramari Pranayama

Tadasana (Mountain Posa)
→ This asana is considered as  base or the mother of all asanas, from within the other asanas emerge. 
→ Tadasana increases the levels of oxygen in the spinal cord and frontal part of the brain. 

→ It improves concentration and boosts energy.

Word Meaning of Tadasana

→ ‘Tada’ is sanskrit word, which meaning is ‘palm tree’, another meaning is mountain and meaning of asana is posture or ‘seal’ so this asana is called Tadasana.

→ According to Ashtang Yoga, Tadasana has been said as beginning and ending asana of Surya Namaskar. 

Sukhasana
→ It is also known as easy sitting pose. 

→ It is one of the simplest pose for meditation suited for all beginners. 

→ Sukhasana comes from the Sanskrit work ‘Sukham' which can mean ‘comfort’, 'easy’, ‘joyful’. 

→ It can be done by all age group of People. 

Shashankasana

→ The Sanskrit home for Hare pose is Shashankasana. The meaning of ‘Shashank’ is moon. 

→ Shashank itself is made up of two words ‘shash’ meaning ‘hare, and ‘ank’ meaning ‘lap’.

→ The Shashankasana pose is said to benefit the practitioners by helping in calming the nerves and providing a feeling of tranquility.

→ The Shashanksaha is similar to a sitting hare.  It has derived its name from here. 

Padmasana (Lotus Pose)

Word Meaning of Padmasana

→ Padmasana is a Sanskrit word which means "lotus flower" so it's also known as the "Lotus pose". 

→ It is so called because of the lotus- like formation which made by our legs during this asana.

→ Another name of Padmasana is "kamalasan". The word Kamal is a hindi word which means a lotus flower.

→ It is a yogic exercise in which one crosses the legs while maintaining a straight posture.  

→ It is an important position for meditation.

Yog Nindra


→ A yoga routine provides deep restoration to your body and the mind. 

→ It's ideal to end your yoga sequence with yoga nidra (yogic sleep) In yoga nidra, we consciously take our attention to different parts of the body and relax them.

→ Simply described as effortless relaxation, yoga nidra is an essential end to any yoga pose sequence. Yoga postures 'warm up' the body; yoga nidra ‘cools it down'.

→ Yoga practices increase the energy levels in the body.

→ Yoga Nidra helps conserve and consolidate this energy and relax the entire system, preparing it for pranayama and meditation.

→ It is therefore, important to keep aside sufficient time for yoga nidra after yoga postures.
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संधि - हिंदी व्याकरण Class 9th

August 21, 2019, 11:06 pm
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संधि - हिंदी व्याकरण Class 9th Course -'B'

संधि का अर्थ होता है - मेल| 

परिभाषा - दो निकटवर्ती वर्णों के परस्पर मेल से जो विकार या परिवर्तन उत्पन्न होता है, उसे संधि कहते हैं। 
जैसे -
• हिम + आलय = हिमालय
• नर + ईश = नरेश

संधि विच्छेद

संधि के नियमों के अनुसार निर्मित वर्णों को अलग-अलग करके लिखना संधि-विच्छेद कहलाता है|
जैसे -
• महर्षि = महा + ऋषि
• पुस्तकालय = पुस्तक + आलय

संधि के भेद

संधि के तीन भेद होते हैं -
1. स्वर संधि
2. व्यंजन संधि
3. विसर्ग संधि

स्वर संधि

स्वर के बाद स्वर के मेल से उनमें जो विकार-सहित परिवर्तन होता है, उसे 'स्वर संधि' कहते हैं|
जैसे -
• परम + अणु = परमाणु (अ + अ = आ)
• विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (अ + आ = आ)

स्वर संधि के भेद -
(क) दीर्घ संधि
(ख) गुण संधि
(ग) वृद्धि संधि
(घ) यण संधि
(ङ) अयादि संधि

(क) दीर्घ संधि - ह्रस्व या दीर्घ अ, इ, उ के आगे क्रमशः ह्रस्व या दीर्घ अ, इ, उ आए तो दोनों मिलकर क्रमश: आ, ई, ऊ बन जाते हैं। जैसे -

नियम
शब्द
अ + अ = आ 
मत + अनुसार = मतानुसार, राम + अवतार = रामावतार
अ + आ = आ
प्राण + आयाम = प्राणायाम, नील + आकाश = नीलाकाश
आ + आ = आ
कारा + वास = कारावास, दया + आनंद = दयानंद
आ + अ = आ
विद्या + अर्थी = विद्यार्थी, महा + अनुभव = महानुभाव
इ + इ = ई
रवि + इंद्र = रवींद्र, मुनि + इंद्र = मुनींद्र
ई + इ = ई
मही + इंद्र = महींद्र, नारी + इष्ट = नारिष्ट
ई + ई = ई
रजनी + ईश = रजनीश, जानकी + ईश = जानकीश
उ + उ = ऊ
सु + उक्ति = सूक्ति, भानु + उदय = भानूदय
उ + ऊ = ऊ
साधु + ऊर्जा = साधूर्जा, लघु + ऊर्मि = लघूर्मि 
ऊ + उ = ऊ
भू + उत्सर्ग = भूत्सर्ग, वधू + उत्सव = वधूत्सव  
ऊ + ऊ = ऊ
भू + ऊर्जा = भूर्जा,  वधू + ऊर्मि = वधूर्मि

(ख) गुण संधि - अ और आ के बाद यदि ह्रस्व या दीर्घ इ, ई, उ, ऊ या ऋ आयें तो दोनों के स्थान पर क्रमशः ए, ओ और अर् हो जाता है। जैसे -

नियम
शब्द
अ + इ = ए 
नर + इंद्र = नरेंद्र, सुर + इंद्र = सुरेंद्र
अ + ई = ए
नर + ईश = नरेश, सुर + ईश = सुरेश
आ + इ = ए
महा + इंद्र = महेंद्र, राजा + इंद्र = राजेंद्र
आ + इ = ए
महा + ईश = महेश, राजा + ईश = राजेश
अ + उ = ओ
चंद्र + उदय = चंद्रोदय, नव + उदय = नवोदय
अ + ऊ = ओ
 नव + ऊढ़ा = नवोढ़ा, जल + ऊर्मि =जलोर्मि
आ + उ = ओ
महा + उत्सव = महोत्सव, महा + उदय = महोदय
आ + ऊ = ओ
महा + ऊर्जा = महोर्जा, गंगा + उर्मि = गंगोर्मि 
अ + ऋ = अर्
राज + ऋषि =राजर्षि, सप्त + ऋषि = सप्तर्षि
आ + ऋ = अर्
महा + ऋषि =महर्षि, राजा + ऋषि = राजर्षि

(ग) वृद्धि संधि - जब अ, आ के बाद ए, ऐ या ओ, औ स्वर आएँ तो दोनों के स्थान पर क्रमशः 'ऐ' और 'औ' हो जाते हैं। जैसे -

नियम
शब्द
अ + ए = ऐ 
एक + एक = एकैक, वित्त + एषणा = वित्तैषणा 
आ + ए = ऐ
सदा + एव = सदैव, तथा + एव = तथैव
अ + ऐ = ऐ
देव + ऐश्वर्य = देवैश्वर्य, परम + ऐश्वर्य = परमैश्वर्य
आ + ऐ = ऐ
महा + ऐश्वर्य = महैश्वर्य, विद्या + ऐश्वर्य = विद्यैश्वर्य
अ + ओ = औ
दंत + ओष्ठ = दंतौष्ठ, वन + ओषधि = वनौषधि
आ + ओ = औ
 महा + ओज = महौज, महा + ओजस्वी = महौजस्वी
अ + औ = औ
परम + औषध = परमौषध, वन + औषध = वनौषध
आ + औ = औ
महा + औदार्य =महौदर्य, महा + औषध = महौषध

(घ) यण संधि - जब ह्रस्व या दीर्घ इ, उ या ऋ के बाद कोई भिन्न स्वर आएँ तो इ का य्, उ का व् तथा ऋ का र् हो जाता है| जैसे -

नियम
शब्द
इ + अ = य् 
अति + अधिक =अत्यधिक,अभि + अर्थी = अभ्यर्थी
इ + आ = या
अति + आचार =अत्याचार,इति + आदि = इत्यादि
ई + अ = य् 
नदी + अर्पण = नद्यर्पण,देवी + अर्पण =देव्यर्पण
ई + आ = या
देवी + आलय = देव्यालय,देवी + आगम =देव्यागम
इ + उ = यु
प्रति + उत्तर =प्रत्युत्तर, प्रति + उपकार =प्रत्युपकार
इ + ऊ = यू
वि + ऊह = व्यूह, प्रति + ऊष = प्रत्यूष
ई + उ = यु
सखी + उचित = सख्युचित
ई + ऊ = यू
नदी + ऊर्मि = नद्यूर्मि
उ + अ = व
अनु + अय =अन्वय, सु + अच्छ = स्वच्छ
 उ + आ = वा
 सु + आगत =स्वागत,मधु + आलय =मध्वालय
उ + इ = वि
अनु + इति = अन्विनित
इ + ए = ये
प्रति + एक =प्रत्येक, अधि + एता =अध्येता
उ + ए = वे
अनु + ऐषन = अन्वेषण
ऋ + आ = रा
पितृ + आज्ञा =पित्राज्ञा, पितृ + आदेश = पित्रादेश

(ङ) अयादि संधि - यदि ए, ऐ और ओ, औ के पश्चात् इन्हें छोड़कर कोई अन्य स्वर हो तो इनका परिवर्तन क्रमशः अय, आय, अव, आव में हो जाता है। जैसे -

नियम
शब्द
ए + अ = अय 
ने + अन = नयन, चे + अन = चयन
ऐ + अ = आय
गै + एक = गायक, नै + एक = नायक
ऐ + इ = आयि
गै + इका = गायिका, नै + इका = नायिका
ओ + अ = अव
भो + अन = भवन, पो + अन = पवन
ओ + इ = अवि
भो + इष्य  = भविष्य, पो + इत्र = पवित्र
औ + अ = आव
 पौ + अन = पावन, पौ + अक = पावक
औ + इ = आवि
नौ + इक = नाविक

व्यंजन संधि

व्यंजन ध्वनि के निकट स्वर या व्यंजन आने से व्यंजन में जो परिवर्तन होता है, उसे व्यंजन संधि कहते हैं।
जैसे -
• दिक् + गज = दिग्गज (क् का ग्)
• सत् + गति = सद्गति (त् का द्)

(क) वर्ग के पहले वर्ण का तीसरे वर्ण में परिवर्तन

यदि वर्ग के पहले वर्ण (क्, च्, ट्, त्, प्) के बाद किसी भी वर्ग का तीसरा, चौथा वर्ण (ग्, घ, ज्, अ, ड, ढ, द्, धू, बू, भ) य्, र, ल, व्, ह या कोई स्वर आ जाए तो पहला वर्ण उसी वर्ग के तीसरे वर्ण में बदल जाता है। जैसे- क का ग्, च् का ज्; त् का न् प् का ब्; ट् का ड् हो जाता है।

• दिक् + अंबर = दिगंबर
• सत् + धर्म = सद्धर्म
• तत् + भव = तद्भव
• जगत् + ईश = जगदीश
• सत् + आचरण = सदाचरण

(ख) वर्ग के पहले वर्ण का पाँचवें वर्ण में परिवर्तन

यदि वर्ग के पहले वर्ण (क्, च्, ट्, त्, प्) के बाद 'न' या 'म' आए तो पहले वर्ण का रूपांतरण पाँचवें वर्ण में हो जाता है। जैसे - 'क्' का 'ङ्' हो जाता है, 'च' का 'ज्', 'ट्' का 'ण', 'त्' का 'न्', 'प्' का 'म्' हो जाता है।

• वाक् + मय = वाङ्मय
• चित् + मय = चिन्मय
• उत् + मत्त = उन्मत्त
• उत्त + नति = उन्नति
• उत्त + मेष = उन्मेष

(ग) 'त्' संबंधी विशेष नियम

(i) 'त्' के पश्चात् 'ल' हो तो 'त्' का 'ल' हो जाता है। जैसे -
• उत् + लेख = उल्लेख
• उत् + लास = उल्लास

(ii) 'त्' के पश्चात् 'ज/झ' हो तो 'त्' का 'ज्' हो जाता है। जैसे -
• सत् + जन = सज्जन
• उत् + ज्वल = उज्ज्वल

(iii) 'त्' के पश्चात् र/ड हो तो 'त्' /ड् बन जाता है। जैसे-
• उत् + डयन = उड्डयन
• तत् + टीका = तट्टीका

(iv) 'त्' के बाद 'श' हो तो 'त्' की जगह 'च' तथा 'श्' की जगह 'छ ' हो जाता है। जैसे-
• उत् + श्वास = उच्छवास
• उत् + शिष्ट = उच्छिष्ट

(v) 'त्' के बाद च/छ हो तो 'त्' का 'च'/'छ' हो जाता है। जैसे -
• सत् + चरित्र = सच्चरित्र
• उत् + चारण = उच्चारण

(vi) 'त्' के बाद 'ह' हो तो 'त्' के स्थान पर 'ध्' आ जाता है। जैसे -
• तत् + हित = तद्धित 
• उत् + हार = उद्धार

(घ) छ संबंधी नियम

यदि किसी स्वर के बाद छ आ जाए तो 'छ' से पहले 'च' का आगम हो जाता है। जैसे -
• अनु + छेद = अनुच्छेद
• स्व + छंद = स्वछंद

(ङ) 'म्' संबंधी नियम

यदि 'म्' के पश्चात् क् से म् तक कोई व्यंजन आए तो 'म्' उस व्यंजन के पंचम वर्ण में बदल जाता है, अर्थात् क् का ङ च का ञ ट का णः त् का नः फ् का म् हो जाता है। जैसे -
• सम् + कल्प = संकल्प (सङ्कल्प)
• सम् + पूर्ण = संपूर्ण (सम्पूर्ण)

(च) म् से परे म् आने पर द्वित्व 'मम' का प्रयोग होता है। वहाँ अनुस्वार नहीं आता। जैसे -
• सम् + मुख = सम्मुख
•  सम् + मान = सम्मान

(छ) म् से परे य, र, ल, व, ह, श, ष, स आने पर म् का रूपांतरण अनुस्वार (-) में हो जाता है। जैसे -
• सम् + योग = संयोग
• सम् + यम = संयम

(ज) न का ण

ऋ, र, ष से परे न् का ण् हो जाता है। परंतु यदि बाद में चवर्ग, टवर्ग, तवर्ग, श और स आ जाए तो न् का ण नहीं होता। जैसे -
• परि + नाम = परिणाम
• प्र + मान = प्रमाण

(झ) स् का ष्
नियम-स् से पहले अ या आ से भिन्न स्वर हो तो स् का ष् हो जाता है। जैसे -
• अभि + सेक = अभिषेक
• वि + सम = विषम

विसर्ग संधि

परिभाषा-विसर्ग के पश्चात् स्वर या व्यंजन आने पर विसर्ग में जो परिवर्तन आता है, उसे विसर्ग संधि कहते हैं। जैसे -
• यशः + दा = यशोदा
• मनः + भाव = मनोभाव

(क) विसर्ग का 'ओ'

विसर्ग से पूर्व यदि 'अ' हो और बाद में अ या किसी वर्ग का तीसरा, चौथा, पाँचवाँ वर्ण या य्, र् , ल्, व्, ह् हो तो विसर्ग (:) का रूपांतरण 'ओ' में हो जाता है। जैसे -
• मनः + अनुकूल = मनोकुल
• मनः + भाव = मनोभाव

(ख) विसर्ग का 'र'

विसर्ग से पहले अ या आ से भिन्न कोई स्वर हो और बाद में कोई स्वर, किसी वर्ग का तीसरा, चौथा, पाँचवाँ अक्षर या य, ल, व में से कोई वर्ण हो, तो विसर्ग का र हो जाता है। जैसे -
• निः + अर्थक = निरर्थक
• दुः + उपयोग = दुरूपयोग

(ग) विसर्ग का 'श्'

विसर्ग से पहले यदि कोई स्वर हो और परे (बाद में) च, छ या श हो तो विसर्ग का श हो जाता है। जैसे -
• निः + चय = निश्चय
• निः + चल = निश्छल

(घ) विसर्ग का 'स्'

विसर्ग के परे यदि त् या स् हो तो विसर्ग का स् हो जाता है। जैसे -
• निः + तेज = निस्तेज
• दुः + साहस = दुस्साहस

(ङ) विसर्ग का 'ष्'
यदि विसर्ग से पूर्व इ या उ हो और विसर्ग से परे क्, ख्, ट् , ठ्, प्, फ् में से कोई वर्ण हो, तो विसर्ग का ष् हो जाता है। जैसे -
• दुः + कर्म = दुष्कर्म
• निः + ठुर = निष्ठुर

(च) विसर्ग का लोप (छिप जाना) और पूर्व स्वर (पहले आने वाले स्वर) का दीर्घ हो जाना।

(i) विसर्ग का लोप-यदि विसर्ग से पहले अ या आ हो और विसर्ग के बाद कोई भिन्न स्वर हो तो विसर्ग का लोप हो जाता है। जैसे -
• अतः + एव = अतएव
(ii) पूर्व स्वर दीर्घ और विसर्ग का लोप-यदि विसर्ग के आगे र् हो तो विसर्ग लुप्त हो जाता है और उस विसर्ग का पूर्व स्वर दीर्घ हो जाता है। जैसे - 
• निः + रस = नीरस

(छ) विसर्ग से पहले 'अ' हो और विसर्ग से परे क् या प् हो तो विसर्ग में परिवर्तन नहीं होता है। जैसे - 
• अंत: + करण = अंत:करण
• प्रातः + काल = प्रातःकाल

↧
↧

विराम चिह्न - हिंदी व्याकरण Class 9th

August 26, 2019, 6:05 am
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विराम चिह्न - हिंदी व्याकरण Class 9th Course -'B'

विराम का अर्थ है - रुकना| रुकने की प्रक्रिया को व्यक्त करने के लिए लिखने में कुछ संकेत-चिह्न निश्चित किए गए हैं, जिन्हें 'विराम-चिह्न' कहते हैं।

पूर्ण विराम। 
अल्प विराम?
अर्द्ध विराम;
प्रश्नसूचक?
विस्मयादि बोधक!
योजक-
निर्देशन—
कोष्ठक( )
उद्धरण' ' " "
हँसपद (त्रुटिपूरक चिह्न) ⋏
उपविराम:
लाघवo

1. पूर्ण विराम (।)

(क) विस्मयादिवाचक तथा प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों को छोड़कर प्रत्येक वाक्य के समाप्त होने पर
• शरीर मिट्टी का बना हुआ है|
(ख) अप्रत्यक्ष प्रश्नों के अंत में
• मैंने उससे पूछा कि वह क्या चाहती है|
(ग) काव्य अथवा कविता में छंद के चरण के अंत में
• ऐसी लाल तुझ बिनु कउनु करै।

2. प्रश्नसूचक (?)

(क) प्रश्नसूचक वाक्यों में
• क्या आप साथ चलेंगें?
(ख) संदेह या अनिश्चय की स्थिति में यह चिह्न कोष्ठक में प्रयुक्त होता है
• अखाड़े की मिट्टी में सनने से कोई कैसे वंचित रह सकता है?

3. विस्मयादि बोधक (!)

(क) आश्चर्य आदि का बोध कराने वाले दो पदबंधों अथवा वाक्यों के अंत में आता है
• वाह ! बहुत अच्छा खेला| 
(ख) संबोधन के लिए
• राम! इधर आओ|

4. अल्पविराम (,)

(क) एक स्थान पर प्रयुक्त समान शब्दों और वाक्यों को अलग करने के लिए
• धूल, धूलि, धूली, धूरि आदि की व्यंजनाएँ अलग-अलग हैं।
(ख) उपवाक्यों को अलग करने के लिए
• धूल के लिए श्वेत नाम का विशेषण अनावश्यक है, वह उसका सहज रंग है।
(ग) यह, वह, तब, तो आदि के स्थान पर
• जब बारिश हो रही थी, तब हमलोग बाहर थे|
(घ) संबोधन को शेष वाक्य से अलग करने के लिए
• अच्छा, अब मैं चलता हूँ|
(ङ) अभिवादन, समापन, पता, दिनांक आदि के लिए
• आपका आज्ञाकारी शिष्य,

5. अर्द्ध विराम (;)

(क) विपरीत अर्थ प्रकट करने के लिए
• मोहन ने उसे उकसाया; फिर भी उसने कुछ नहीं किया|
(ख) किसी नियम के उदाहरण सूचक शब्द से पूर्व -
• कई पशु हमारे लिए बहुत उपयोगी होते हैं; जैसे गाय|
(ग) समानाधिकरण वाले वाक्यों के बीच में 
•  देश के लिए कई स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों ने पढ़ाई छोड़ी, नौकरी छोड़ी और अपना जीवन की बाज़ी लगा दी|

6. प्रश्नसूचक (?)

(क) प्रश्नसूचक वाक्यों में
• आपको कुछ चाहिए?
(ख) संदेह या अनिश्चय की स्थिति में
• वो आप ही थे?

7. योजक (-)

(क) द्वंद्व समास के बीच में
• गरम-ठण्डा
(ख) पुनरुक्त या युग्म शब्दों के बीच में
• भाग-भाग
(ग) अपूर्ण संख्याओं के बीच में
• दो-तिहाई
(घ) तुलनात्मक शब्दों के बीच में
• पागलों-सा
(ङ) पदबंध को सामासिक बनाने में
• डर-वर

8. निर्देशन (—)

(क) किसी के द्वारा कही बात को दर्शाने के लिए
सुभाष चन्द्र बोस ने कहा था — तुम मुझे खून दो, मैं तुम्हें आजादी दूंगा|
(ख) संवादों में
• राम —तुम यहाँ आओ|

9. कोष्ठक ()

(क) कठिन शब्दों को स्पष्ट करने के लिए -
• दशानन (रावण) बुराइयों का प्रतीक है|
(ख) क्रमसूचक अंकों/अक्षरों के साथ
• (घ), (1)

10. उद्धरण (' ' " ")

(क) किसी खास शब्द पर जोर देने के लिए
• 'भगवदगीता' हिन्दुओं की पवित्र पुस्तक है|
(ख) किसी और के द्वारा लिखे या कहे गए वाक्य या शब्दों को उसी रूप में लिखने के लिए
• बाल गंगाधर तिलक ने कहा था, "स्वतन्त्रता हमारा जन्मसिद्ध अधिकार है|"
(ग) शीर्षक लिखने के लिए
• 'रामायण' महर्षि वाल्मीकि ने लिखा है|

11. हँसपद (त्रुटिपूरक चिह्न) (⋏)

(क) जब लिखने में कुछ छूट जाए
            कलकत्ता
• मोहन कल ⋏ जाएगा|

12. उपविराम (:)

(क) शीर्षक लिखने में
• विज्ञान : वरदान या अभिशाप

13. लाघव (o)

(क) संक्षिप्त रूप लिखने के लिए
•  डॉ०
↧

NCERT Notes for Physical Activities and Leadership Training Class 11 PhE

August 30, 2019, 1:13 am
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NCERT Revision Notes for Chapter 6 Physical Activities and Leadership Training Class 11 Physical Education

Topics in the Chapter
  • Introduction to physical activity and leadership
  • Qualities and role of a leader
  • Behavior change stages for Physical activity
  • (Pre-contemplation, contemplation, planning, active maintainance)
  • Creating leaders through Physical Education
  • Meaning, objectives and types of adventure sports
  • (Rock climbing, trekking, River rafting, Mountaineering, surfing and Para-gliding)
  • Safety measures during physical activity and adventure sports

Introduction to Physical Activity and Leadership Training
Physical Activity: Physical activity simply means movement of the body that uses energy.

The four main types of physical activities are:
1. Aerobic
2. Muscle-strengthening
3. Bone-strengthening
4. Stretching
 
  • Leadership — Leadership can be described as the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of an organization or a group of which they are members.
  • Leader — A person who can bring about change, therefore, is one who has the ability to be a leader.


Qualities of Leader

  • Awareness: A leader should be aware of different scenarios and things going around in his surroundings.
  • Passionate: the leader should be passionate for goal of his team and should motivate other teammates for this.
  • Energetic: A leader should be full of energy and enthusiasm to do and lead for any task.
  • Friendliness and affection: A leader should act with friendly attitude with his team mates. He should have affection for each and every teammate without any discrimination.
  • Decisiveness: A leader should be able to make quick decisions.
  • Technically skilled: A leader should be skilled enough to solve any technical problem occurred during any task.
  • Intelligent: He should have good IQ so that he can understand any issues related with team and resolve it.
  • Teaching skill: He should be able make things understand easily for his team mates.
  • Creative: A leader should be innovative so that he can derive new and fresh concepts.
  • Interest in Research: A leader should not fear from taking risks. He should keep researching things well.

LEADERSHIP TRAITS
L— Loyalty
E— Empathy
A—Accountability
D— Duty & Determination
E— Energy & Encouragement
R — Respect
S— Selflessness
H — Honorable and humble
I— Integrity & Innovation
P — Passion for and pride in work

Role of a leader in Sports

  1. Organiser: A good leader in sports is a good organiser in organising different sports events.
  2. Motivator: A leader in sports understands his students and thier mental needs. So, he plays the role of a good motivator.
  3. Guardian: A good leader plays the role of guardian. A good leader understands the personal problem of an athlete and provides solution for the problems.
  4. Teacher: A good leader in sports performs the role of a teacher by helping participants in developing teaching techniques, educate them and improve their range of styles.
  5. Psychologist: A good leader plays the role of a psychologist. He knows the mental skills and toughness of their players.
  6. Role model: As leader, you should be able to set a role model.

Behavior Change and Techniques /Stages for Physical Activity

→ The Stages of Behavior Changes:
  1. Precontemplation: Unaware of Problem 
  2. Contemplation: Aware of problem and desired Behavior change
  3. Preparation: Intend to take Action
  4. Action: Practice to desired Behavior
  5. Maintenance:  Work to Sustain the Behavior Change. 

→ The Five Stages of Change:

Creating leaders through physical education we can make leaders through physical education by adopting the following approach:
  1. One should be given responsibilities to organize and coordinate various events.
  2. Leadership training programs should be organized in form of classrooms and seminars. 
  3. One should be provided opportunities to give his/her view 
  4. Recognize achievements of one by facilitating them at different forms.
  5. Have faith and confidence in your students if they are defaulter.

Adventure Sports

(a) Adventure Sports

Meaning: Adventure sports are such type of sports, which involve extraordinary speed, height, physical exertion, and surprising stunts. 

Aims and Objectives of Adventure Sports

• Aim of Adventure Sports: The main aim of adventure sports is to provide a carefully planned stimulating environment which will help each individual and excellent foundation for creative learning and independence.

Objectives of Adventure Sports :

  • To get thrilling experience
  • To have some fun in life
  • To get exposure to Nature
  • Self-assessment
  • Overcome fear and develop self confidence
  • Enhancement of decision making power
  • Channelizing energy
  • Stress buster
  • Information and knowledge enhancement
  • Development of positive attitude toward life
  • Build concentration
  • Encouragement of social relationship and teamwork
  • Develop motor and cognitive skills
  • Creative learning
  • Inculcate values amongest children

Types of Adventure Sports

(a) Mountaineering: It includes sports activity carried out on Mountains or hilly areas. Some sports activities related to mountaineering are given below:
  • Mountaineering
  • Treakking
  • Mountain biking & cycling
  • Rock climbing

(b) Water Sports: It includes sports activities related to water. 
  • Surfing
  • Extreme canoeing
  • Cliff diving
  • Barefoot water skiing
  • Windsurfing
  • Scuba diving
  • Rowing
  • Water Polo sports 
  • River rafting

(c) Winter Sports: It includes sports activities related to snow. 
  • Ice climbing
  • Ice Boating
  • Snow Boarding
  • Skiing
  • Snowmobiling
  • Helisking
  • Mountaineering
  • Sketting
  • Bobsledding

(d) Air Sports: Sports related to sky
  • Para-gliding
  • Hotair
  • Ballooning
  • Zip-fining
  • Bungee jumping
  • Base Jumping
  • Sky diving
  • Hang gliding
  • Sky surfing

Types of Activities

Camping
  • Camping means going away temporarily to a place with temporary accommodation in form of tents
  • It is like going away from home to a new home (camp) with limited facilities. There are various types of camping such as scout camp, N.C.C. camp. 
  • N.S.S. camp, Sports camp, adventure camp and social camp etc.

Rock Climbing
  • Rock climbing is a sport in which participants climbs up, down or across a natural rock or artificial rockwalls. 
  • The objective or goal of a climber is to reach the end point or summit of a pre decided route without falling. 
  • Different types of climbing are:- Aid climbing, free climbing, trad or traditional climbing “Sport climbing top rope climbing free soloing and bouldering.

Trekking
  • Trekking means going for long and difficult journey by feet.  
  • Trekking course often includes journey over mountainous regions or in woods. 

→ Different types of trekking:
(a) Easy trekking: The individuals especially the beginners are offered easy treks.
(b) Moderates trekking: Moderates trekking are slightly difficult and challenging than easy treks. The one who have mastered easy treks should go for moderates trek.
(c) Strenuous trekking: Strenuous trekking a lot of physical effort energy and determination is required.
(d) Difficult trekking: Such type of trekking is suitable only for real adventure seekers or trained professionals. 

River Rafting
  • River rafting is another adventure sport. It is a river journey under taken on a raft or boat made of inflatable material. The difficulty of river rafting is from grade I to VI.  

Mountaineering
  • Mountaineering is an adventurous sport that combines climbing and hiking up mountains or mountain terrains.
  • It prevailing all over the world and is one of the best adventurous activities.
  • It is one of the finest outdoor opportunities available to the lovers of high places.

Surfing
  • Surfing is a surface water sport in which the wave rider, referred to as a surfer, rides on the forward or deep face of a moving wave which is usually carrying the surfer towards the shore. 
  • Waves suitable for surfing are primarily found in the ocean, but can also be found in lakes or in rivers in the form of 'a standing wave or tidal bore. 
  • Surfers can also utilize artificial waves such as those from boat waves and the waves created in artificial wave pools.

Paragliding
  • A person jumps from an aircraft or high place wearing a wide, rectangular, steerable parachute. Such kind of sports activities are known as Paragliding. 
  • Paragliding is the recreational and competitive adventure sport of flying paragliders: lightweight, free-flying, foot-launched glider aircraft with no rigid primary structure.
  • The pilot sits in a harness suspended below a fabric wing comprising a large number of inter connected baffled cells.

Safety Measures During Adventure Sports

Safety Measures for Camping:

  • Camping sight must be plain and clean
  • Mever approach wild animals
  • Always be alert and aware of your surroundings
  • Look out for snakes, spiders and other creatures
  • Protect your eyes 
  • Maintain discipline
  • Be careful around water
  • Pay attention to weather condition etc. 

Safety Measures for River Rafting:
  • Don’t go for river rafting alone. 
  • It is better to have Swimming ability if one is going for River Rafting. Wear life vast and helmet. Check equipment for defects. 
  • Raft only in day time.

Safety Measures for Surfing:
  • Read and obey the signs.
  • Don’t swim directly after meal. 
  • Don’t swim under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
  • Always swim under supervision or with a friend.
  • Always swim or surf at places patrolled by surf lifesavers or life guard.

Safety Measures for Paragliding:

→ Paragliding safety includes four items:

1. Preparation
(a) Gather information about the weather forcast, the actual wind conditions, the site etc.
(b) Maintain your equipment with regular inspection and monitoring.

2. A Good Launch
A good launch requires keeping the legs down until well clear of the hill.  

3. Reaching the landing zone with sufficient altitude for an approach
During the flight, the number one goal should be to make sure and reach the Landing Zone (LZ) with enough altitude to assess wind conditions and plan a safe approach.

4. A good Landing 
Landing in the LZ into or mostly wind is the priority. 

Safety Measures during Physical Activities
  • One should increase level of our Physical activities from easy to moderate and then going to next level.
  • Difficult exercise should not be performed at once out of peer pressure. 
  • We should consult to doctor in case of unusual strain due to physical activities. 
  • Listen to the trainer (if any) properly and work accordingly. 

Tips for avoiding Injuries during Physical Activities
  • Take 5 to 10 minutes to warm up and cool down properly.
  • Plan to start slowly and boost your activity level gradually.
  • Exercising vigorously in hot, humid conditions can lead to serious over heating and dehydration. Slow your pace when you feel exhausted.
  • Drink plenty of water during physical activity.
  • Dress properly during Physical activites for cold - weather workouts to avoid hypothermia. 
  • Choose clothes and shoes designed for your type of exercise. Replace shoes every six months as cushioning wears out.
  • It should be according to Your Physical and Mental condition. Hold off on exercise when you are sick or feeling very fatigued.
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रचना के आधार पर वाक्य -रूपांतरण - हिंदी व्याकरण Class 10th

August 30, 2019, 5:28 am
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रचना के आधार पर वाक्य-रूपांतरण - हिंदी व्याकरण Class 10th Course -'B'

रचना के आधार पर वाक्य के तीन भेद होते हैं -
1. सरल या साधरण वाक्य
2. संयुक्त वाक्य
3. मिश्र वाक्य

सरल या साधरण वाक्य

परिभाषा - जिन वाक्यों में एक उद्देश्य, एक विधेय और एक ही मुख्य क्रिया हो, उन्हें साधारण वाक्य कहते हैं। जैसे -
• मोहन जा रहा है|
• राम खा रहा है|
ऊपर दिए गए वाक्यों में 'मोहन' और 'राम' कर्ता हैं तथा 'जा रहा है' और 'खा रहा है' क्रिया हैं| इन वाक्यों में एक ही कर्ता और क्रिया हैं इसलिए ये सरल वाक्य हैं|

संयुक्त वाक्य

परिभाषा - जहाँ दो या दो से अधिक उपवाक्य किसी योजक से जुड़े होते हैं, वे संयुक्त वाक्य कहलाते हैं। संयोजक द्वारा जुड़े रहने पर भी प्रत्येक वाक्य स्वतंत्र होते हैं और एक-दूसरे पर आश्रित नहीं रहते| जैसे -
• मोहन ने अपना काम किया और घर जाने लगा|
• राम ने बहुत मेहनत किया इसलिए वह परीक्षा में प्रथम आया|

मिश्र वाक्य

परिभाषा - जिन वाक्यों की रचना एक-से अधिक ऐसे उपवाक्यों से हुई हो, जिनमें एक प्रधान तथा अन्य वाक्य उस पर आश्रित हों, उन्हें मिश्र वाक्य कहते हैं। जैसे -
• मोहन ने कहा कि वह बाजार जाएगा|
• वह तो जाएगा पर मैं नहीं जाऊँगा|

उपवाक्य

मिश्र वाक्य में आश्रित उपवाक्य मुख्यतः तीन प्रकार के होते हैं -
(क) संज्ञा उपवाक्य: जिस आश्रित उपवाक्य का प्रयोग प्रधान उपवाक्य की क्रिया के कर्म या पूरक के रूप में प्रयुक्त होता है, उसे संज्ञा उपवाक्य कहते हैं| जैसे -
• राम ने कहा कि वह कलकत्ता जा रहा है|
इस वाक्य में 'वह कलकत्ता जा रहा है' संज्ञा उपवाक्य है|

(ख) विशेषण उपवाक्य: जो आश्रित उपवाक्य अपने प्रधान वाक्य की किसी संज्ञा या सर्वनाम की विशेषता बताता है, उसे विशेषण उपवाक्य कहते हैं| जैसे -
•  जो मेहनती होता है, वही आगे बढ़ता है|

(ग) क्रियाविशेषण उपवाक्य: जो आश्रित उपवाक्य प्रधान उपवाक्य की क्रिया का विशेषण बनकर आता है, वह क्रियाविशेषण उपवाक्य कहलाता है| जैसे -
• जब तुम खेल रहे थे, तब मैं आया|

इसके पांच भेद होते हैं -
1. कालसूचक उपवाक्य
• जब मैं खेलने गया, तब बारिश हो रही थी|
2. स्थानवाचक उपवाक्य
• जिधर तुम जा रहे हो, उधर ही मैं भी जा रहा हूँ|
3. रीतिवाचक उपवाक्य
• आपको मैं जैसा कहूं, वैसा ही करें|
4. परिमाणवाचक उपवाक्य
• जो जितनी मेहनत करेगा, उसे उतने ही अच्छे अंक मिलेंगें|
5. परिणाम अथवा हेतुसूचक उपवाक्य
• यदि अच्छी वर्षा होगी तो फसल की उपज ज्यादा होगी|

वाक्य रूपांतरण

वाक्य रूपांतरण करते समय हमें इस बात का ध्यान रखना होता है कि वाक्य के भाव और विचार में कोई अंतर ना आए|

1. सरल वाक्य से संयुक्त वाक्य बनाने के लिए हम वाक्य में इसलिए, और जैसे योजक लगाकर दो उपवाक्य बनाते हैं|

2. सरल वाक्य से मिश्र वाक्य बनाने के लिए हमें सरल वाक्यों में से प्रधान वाक्य और आश्रित वाक्य की पहचान करना होता है। प्रायः आश्रित उपवाक्य चूँकि, जब, जो, यदि, जिसने, जहाँ, जैसे, ऐसा आदि से आरंभ होता है।

3. संयुक्त वाक्य को साधारण वाक्य में बदलने के लिए पहले योजक चिह्न को हटाना होता है। अब अर्थ में परिवर्तन किये बिना उपवाक्य को पदबंध में बदलना होता है।

4. मिश्र वाक्य को साधारण वाक्य में बदलने के लिए पहले इन्हें दो सरल वाक्यों में बदलना होता है।

5. संयुक्त वाक्य को मिश्र वाक्य में बदलने के लिए योजक हटाकर ऐसा दो उपवाक्य बनाना होता है जो परस्पर एक दूसरे पर आश्रित हैं।

6. मिश्र वाक्य को संयुक्त वाक्य में बदलने से पहले उसे दो सरल वाक्यों में बदलकर उचित योजक लगाना होता है|

• सरल वाक्य - बारिश होते ही मेंढक आवाज़ करने लगे|
• सयुंक्त वाक्य - बारिश शुरू हुआ और मेंढक आवाज़ करने लगे|
• मिश्र वाक्य - जैसे ही बारिश होने लगी, वैसे ही मेंढक आवाज़ करने लगे|

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