Study Material and Notes of Ch 2 People as Resource Class 9th Economics
Topics in the chapter- Overview
- Economic Activities by Men and Women
- Quality of Population
- Unemployment
Overview
(i) Human capital
(ii) Gross National Product
(iii) Human capital formation
(iv) Advantages of a more educated or a healthier population
Economic Activities by Men and Women
Economic activities are development and wealth producing activities. It creates economic and financial gain by producing goods and services. It adds value to the national income. Three sectors are come under economic activities.
(i)Primary sector
It is also known as agriculture sector. This sector considers directly using of natural resources. This sector includes agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining, and quarrying.
(ii) Secondary sector
It is also known as manufacturing sector. This sector considers manufacturing of goods.
(iii) Tertiary sector
This sector provides service. This sector includes trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance.
Economic activities have two parts.
(i)Market activities
Market activities consider production of goods or services including government service for remuneration.
(ii)Non-market activities
Non-market activities consider production of goods or services for self-consumption.
There are huge difference between economic activity performed by men and economic activity performed by women. Generally, women look after domestic affairs like cooking of food, washing of clothes, cleaning of utensils, housekeeping and looking after children. Men work in the field. They are paid for their work. Contrary, women are not paid for their performances in the house. The work done by men is recognized in the National Income. Whereas, the household work done by women is not recognized in the National Income.
If the women work in the field. Their contribution consider as National Income. The earning capacity of a person is fully depended on his/her education and skill. Women have no job securities because, some organizations are not provided some facility like, maternity leave.
Quality of Population
Quality of population is mainly in literacy rate and health of the population. Literate and healthy populations are asset for a country.
(i)Education
Education is the process of learning for acquisition of knowledge .Education is an important input for growth of a person. Development of a country is basically depended on literacy rate. When a person is educated, then a family can be educated. After that, society can be educated. For this term, literacy rate of country can increase. An educated person can earn more income compared than an uneducated person because of, having skill. For this term, National income of a country can increase. Governance efficiency also enhance through learning process.
Source: Economy Survey, 2012.
In this table, the literacy rates have increased from 18% in 1951 to 74% in 2010-11. Literacy among males is 16.6% higher than females and literacy in urban areas is 16.1% higher than rural areas. There are huge differences between literacy rates of the state Bihar and Kerala i.e 93.9% in Kerala and 63% in Bihar.
Source: UGC Annual Report 1996–97 and 1998–99 and Selected Educational Statistics, Ministry of HRD, Draft Report of Higher Education for 11th Five Year Plan, working group on Economic Survey 2011-12.
In this table, we can see regularly increase in number of colleges , universities, students and teachers. Many steps are taken by the government for encourage attendance of children. Sarva Siksha Abhiyan was launched .The aim of this programme is to provide education to all children in the age group of six to fourteen years by 2010. The eleventh plan focused to increase the enrolment in higher education of the 18 to 23 years age group to 15% by 2011-12. Mid-day meal scheme has been implemented.
(ii)Health
An unhealthy person is burden for a country. A healthy mind create healthy environment. For development of a country, healthy environment is compulsory.
In India, states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have few medical colleges. These states have poor health .On the other hand, four states Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra have majority in number of medical colleges with81 medical colleges out of 181.
In India, Infant mortality rate has come down from 147 in 1951 to 47 in 2010 .Crude birth rates have dropped to 22.1 and death rates to 7 in 2010.
Unemployment
Unemployment is a phenomenon that occurs when a person want to do work but unable to find work. Unemployment is liability to the nation. It leads to wastage of manpower resource. There are two types of unemployment found in rural areas.
(i)Seasonal unemployment
In case of Seasonal unemployment, people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year. Generally, in agriculture sector this kind of problem is visible. In agriculture sector, some seasonal foodgrains are produced. So, the farmers are employed only in that particular season.
(ii)Disguised unemployment
Disguised unemployment happens when people appear to be employed. For example, in agriculture sector the field requires the service of six people and nine people are worked in the same field then ,three extra people are come under the category of disguised unemployed. Production will not decrease when three people are removed.
In urban areas educated unemployment are seen. This problem occurs when an educated person is willing to work but, he/she unable to find work. Number of graduated and post-graduated unemployed has increased faster than among matriculates unemployed.
· Infant mortality rate (IMR)
Infant mortality rate is the death of a child who is come under one year of age. It is measured by number of death of children under one year of age per 1000 live births.
· Birth rates
It is the number of babies born there for every 1,000 people during a particular period of time.
· Death rate
It is the number of people per 1,000 who die during a particular period of time.
· Gross National Product
Gross national product is the estimation of the value of the final goods and services by the residents of the country in a given time period.
· National Income
National Income is the estimation of the value of the final goods and services produced by a country in a given time period.
· Human capital
Human capital is the stock of skill and productive knowledge embodied in human beings.
· Human capital formation
Human capital formation includes the process of training, medical care etc. Education and health are the source for the human capital formation.
· People as resources
It is a way of referring to a country’s workforce in terms of existing skills and abilities.
NCERT Solutions of People as Resource
NCERT Solutions of People as Resource